Social Situation Report 2009 - Hoofdinhoud
COUNCIL OFBrussels, 9 February 2010
THE EUROPEAN UNION
5787/1/10 REV 1 ADD 1
SOC 48
COVER NOTE
No. Cion prop.:
SEC(2010) 55 final/2
Subject: Social Situation Report 2009
Delegations will find attached a new version of SEC(2010) 55 final, Volume II of 4.
________________________
Encl.: SEC(2010) 55 final/2, Volume II of 4
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 3.2.2010 SEC(2010) 55 final /2
Vol. II of 4
CORRIGENDUM Annule et remplace le document SEC(2010)55 final du 20/01/2010 Concerne les quatre parties version EN
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 2. KEY AREAS OF SOCIAL POLICY: STATISTICAL PORTRAITS
-
1.Population
168
-
2.International migration 181
-
3.Housholds and families 191
-
4.Economic situation 199
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5.Education and its outcome 216
-
6.Lifelong learning 227
PART 2 - KEY AREAS OF SOCIAL POLICY: STATISTICAL PORTRAITS
The content of the Part Two: Part Two presents a series of statistical portraits that address a range of social policy concerns for the European Union. Virtually all the main European social policy domains are covered: population; education and training; labour market; social protection; income, social inclusion and living conditions; gender equality and health and safety.
The structure of the statistical portraits: Each statistical portrait is presented in the form of tables, charts and commentary. The portraits may be read as separate articles but there is some overlap between subjects. For example, gender issues are not confined to the "Earnings of women and men" portrait in the gender equality domain but are also covered elsewhere.
Key indicators: Each portrait is built around some selected indicators (the most important ones are listed on the next page) and comprises a short analytical description, the policy context and methodological notes, with some further reading suggestions at the end.
The portrait on the economic situation provides contextual information, as do the portraits on demography, and on households and families. They each have a context key indicator whereas the other portraits include social key indicators. Together, this set of key indicators provides not only a snapshot of today's social situation and its background, but also an instrument for monitoring and comparing progress in the social field among the 27 Member States, the three Candidate Countries and the four EFTA countries.
The portraits cover some of the structural and overarching OMC indicators: The structural indicators provide an instrument for the objective assessment of progress made towards the Lisbon objectives, and support the key messages of the annual progress report (more about the Lisbon Strategy can be found on the website:
http://europa.eu.int/growthandjobs/index_en.htm)
The OMC indicators are instruments for monitoring the overarching objectives within the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) on social protection and social inclusion (more information about this process can be found on the website: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=753&langId=en)
Whenever possible the most recent data for each geopolitical entity, i.e. a country or a group of countries (e.g. EU-27, EA-16), have been used. The tables with time series consist of the latest 10 available years. Symbols, country codes, country groupings, other abbreviations and acronyms are explained in Annex 2.
Data used: The portraits are based mainly on data that were available in early autumn 2008. Every effort has been made to use the most recent data available and to ensure that these are used consistently throughout this report. However, as the various sections were prepared by different authors and required different degrees of analysis, some inconsistencies in the datasets used in different sections may remain.
Sources of additional data: Additional or more recent data can be found on the Eurostat website
http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/, where you can also download free pdf files of Eurostat publications. Printed versions of Eurostat publications are sold by the worldwide network of sales agents of the Publications Office (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, which is the publishing house of the institutions and other bodies of the European Union). The priced publications are available from the EU Bookshop website
http://bookshop.europa.eu, where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice. A list of these sales agents' contact details can be found on the website http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm or you can ask for a paper copy by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758.
Domain Statistical Portrait Selected key indicator(s) Structural indicators are in italics and OMC indicators are underlined (see the previous page)
Demography, households and families 1 Population · Total population
2 International migration · Population by main group of citizenship
3 Households and families · Average household size
Economy 4 Economic situation · Real GDP growth rate
Education and training 5 Education and its outcomes · Total public expenditure on education, Youth education attainment level and
· Early school leavers
6 Lifelong learning · Lifelong learning
Labour market 7 Employment · Employment rate,
· Employment rate of older workers
· Dispersion of employment rates by Member-State at NUTS level 2
8 Unemployment · Unemployment rate
· Long-term unemployment rate
· People aged 18-59 living in jobless households
9 Labour Market Policy expenditure · Public expenditure on LMP services (category 1), measures (categories 2-7) and support (categories 8-9) as a percentage of GDP
Social protection 10 Social protection and social benefits · Expenditure on social protection as a percentage of GDP
· Projected total public social expenditures
· Old age and survivors' benefits as
-
1.POPULATION
On 1 January 2009 the population of the EU-27 stood at some 499.7 million. Although the EU-27 population continues to grow, population decline is already in evidence in several Member States.
Eurostat's 2008-based population projections (convergence scenario) show the population of the EU-27 rising gradually to 520.7 million in 2035 and thereafter gradually declining to 505.7 million in 2060. The working-age population is expected to decrease substantially by 2060 as baby boomer generations begin to reach the age of retirement from 2012 onwards.
499.7 million inhabitants in the EU-27 on 1 January 2009
On 1 January 2009 the population of the EU-27 stood at some 499.7 million, compared with 497.7 million on 1
January 2008. The population thus grew by about 2.1 million in 2008, a growth rate of 4.3, due to a natural
increase of 0.6 million and net migration of 1.5 million.
Total population, 1 January 2009
(in thousand)
EU-27EA-16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEEL
499747 p328653 p10755 p760710468551182002 p13404466 p11257 p
ESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMTNL
4582864351 p60053 p794 p2261335049410031 p41416487 p
ATPLPTROSISKFISEUK
83553813610627 p21499203254125326925661635
HRMKTRISLINOCH
44352049 p715173193647997700p
Note: The number of inhabitants of the area on 1 January (or on 31 December of the previous year) in 1000 inhabitants
p Provisional
Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Population change by component,
per 1000 inhabitants
9EU-27, 1961-2008
8
7Net migration Natural change
T otal population change
6
5
4
3
2
1
-1
-2
6 135
6 9
7 1
7 3
7 5795791
9 5
9 791 3 5 7
19
1 96
1 96
1 96 7
1 9
1 9
1 9
1 9
1 978 1
8 3
1 97
1 9
1 9
1 98
1 98
1 98
1 99
1 99 3
1 9
1 9
1 99
2 2 2 2
Note: The graph presents the crude rates of population change, of natural change and of net migration. The net migration includes the statistical adjustment that corresponds to all changes in the population that cannot be classified as births, deaths, immigration or emigration.
Source: Eurostat - Demographic Statistics
At the EU-27 level, net migration is still the major determinant of population growth. The contribution of net migration to EU-27 population growth has become more significant than the natural change since 1992, measuring 73% of the total growth in 2008. However, the natural increase (measuring 27% of the population growth in 2008) has showed a recovering upward trend from 2006.
Total population, observed (1960-2007) and EUROPOP2008 convergence scenario (2008- 2060), EU-27
575,0
550,0Observed2008-based project ions, convergence scenario
525,0
500,0
based population projections (convergence scenario), the total population of the EU-27 is expected to increase by
more than 25 million inhabitants over the next two and a half decades. This population growth is likely to be due
mainly to migration flows. Afterwards, the population is expected to decline gradually because net migration will
no longer outweigh the "natural decline" (i.e. more deaths than live births). The EU-27 population is projected to
fall to around 505.7 million by 2060.
Ageing of the population
Between 1960 and 2008, the proportion of older people (65 years and over) in the EU-27 population has rose
from 10 % to 17 %. According to Eurostat's 2008-based population projections (convergence scenario) this trend
will continue. The proportion of people aged 65 and more in the total population is expected to rise in the period to
2060. In the EU-27 it is expected to go up from 17 % in 2008 to 30 % in 2060, reflecting an increase in the
number of older persons from 84.6 million in 2008 to 151.5 million in 2060. The largest percentages of elderly
people in 2060 are expected in Poland (36.2 %), Slovakia (36.1 %), Romania (35.0 %), Lithuania (34.7 %), Latvia
(34.4 %) and Bulgaria (34.2 %), and the lowest in Luxembourg (23.6 %), the United Kingdom (24.7 %) and
Denmark (25.0 %).
Population structure by major age groups, EU-27
206014,056,017,812,1
205014,157,117,811,0
204014,059,218,08,9
r203014,561,916,66,9
Y ea
202015,464,614,45,7
200815,767,312,64,4
200017,367,112,33,3
Old age dependency ratio; 1990, 2025 and 2060
70
60
199020252060
50
40
30
20
10
EU-EA-16LUUKDKIENOCYFRBESENLCHFIATPTELDEITCZSIBGLVROLTSKPL
27
Fertility
The total fertility rate in the EU-27 was estimated at 1.55 children per woman in 2007. The fertility of the post-war
generations has been steadily declining since the mid-1960s, but in recent years the total fertility rate at the EU-
27 level has remained relatively stable at around 1.5 children per woman.
In 2007, total fertility was below the level of 1.3 children per woman in Slovakia. Values above 1.8 children per
woman were registered in Denmark, Ireland, France, Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
All Member States now have total fertility rate levels below 2.1 children per woman, the level needed for the
replacement of generations. However, 14 Member States registered an increased fertility rate in 2007 compared
to 2000. The increase in the total fertility rate observed in some countries may be partly due to a catching-up
process following postponement of the decision to have children. When women have babies later in life, the total
fertility rate initially indicates a decrease in fertility, followed later by a recovery.
Total fertility rate, 2007
(number of children per woman)
Mean age of women at childbearing, by country, 2007
Mean age of women at childbearing, by country, 2007
BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMTNL
29.826.729.130.430.228.531.130.730.829.8:29.828.228.030.229.128.531.1
ATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
29.427.930.027.029.828.130.030.929.328.727.227.329.431.230.330.8
-
:Data not available
Source: National estimates
Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy at birth has increased over the last 50 years by about 10 years in total, due to improved socio-
economic and environmental conditions and better medical treatment and care. However, the difference in life
expectancy at birth throughout EU is still significant. In 2007 the difference between the lowest and the highest life
expectancy at birth registered within EU was 8.3 for females and 14.1 for males. Throughout the EU-27, women
live longer than men. In 2006, the life expectancy of women was 82.0 years, while for men it was 75.8 years,
showing a gender gap of 6.2 years.
Life expectancy at birth, 2007
(The mean number of years that a newborn child is expected to live if subjected throughout her/his life to the mortality conditions (age specific probabilities of dying) of the year of her/his birth.)
EU-27EA-16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMT
Total79.080.479.973.077.078.480.173.179.879.481.181.381.480.171.270.979.573.679.9
Females82.083.382.676.780.280.682.778.882.181.884.384.884.282.276.577.282.277.882.2
Males75.877.377.169.573.876.277.467.277.477.177.877.678.577.965.864.976.769.477.5
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
Total80.480.475.479.173.278.474.679.681.179.775.873.8:81.581.480.682.0
Females82.583.179.882.276.982.078.483.183.181.879.375.9:83.483.682.984.4
-
-Reforms to raise productivity and economic performance;
-
-Immigration and integration of migrants;
-
-Sustainable public finances.
The Communication made the point that there is still a window of opportunity of about 10 years during which further employment growth would remain possible. Couples have become less stable and choose to have children at a later age, often without being married. Women today have much better opportunities on the labour market and, thanks their rapidly rising levels of educational attainment, are much better equipped to seize those opportunities. In this context, better gender and reconciliation policies have become crucial to securing good living conditions for families and children.
In just a few years our societies will start to age at a faster pace, once the baby-boom cohorts stop boosting the working-age population, as they did in previous decades, and start increasing the population over the pensionable age. In 15 to 20 years this may cause a dramatic rise in the demand for health and social care services. Mobilising the full potential of the older baby boomers has become more urgent than ever now that much larger cohorts are reaching their 60s. Although most people in this age group are still fit and capable of contributing to the economy and society only about 40 % of men and 30 % of women are still in employment at the age of 60. Thanks to the Lisbon Strategy employment rates of people aged 55-64 are rising, reversing the trend towards ever earlier retirement, but more needs to be done. Opinion surveys also indicate a willingness to engage in community work or volunteering after retirement. This represents a major opportunity for social progress, but figures on actual engagement fall far short of this declared willingness to volunteer. Clearly, more and better opportunities for employment and voluntary engagement of older people are needed.
Methodological notes
Sources: Eurostat - Demographic Statistics and Eurostat - 2008-based population projections, convergence
scenario.
Population projections are what-if scenarios that aim to provide information about the likely future size and structure of the population. Eurostat's population projections convergence scenario is one of several population change scenarios based on assumptions for fertility, mortality and migration. In particular, the assumptions have been developed in a conceptual framework of convergence of demographic values as a result of decreasing socio-economic and cultural differences between the Member States of the European Union, Norway and Switzerland. The current scenario is primarily used in the context of the European Commission's analysis of the impact of ageing populations on public spending.
Further reading
Demographic outlook - National reports on the demographic developments in 2007, Eurostat 2008:
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-08-013/EN/KS-RA-08-013-EN.PDF
Total population, 1 January (The number of inhabitants of the area on 1 January (or on 31 December of the previous year) in 1000 inhabitants),
Observed
19601970198019902000200120022003200420052006200720082009
EU27402607435474457053470388482768483797484638486650488797491159493206495321497660 p499747 p
EA16257075278688292539300882312725314046315613317555319577321685323481325212327122 p328653 p
BE912996609855994810239102631031010356103961044610511105851066710755 p
BG78298464884687678191814978917846780177617719767976407607
CZ96389906103161036210278102671020610203102111022110251102871038110468
DK45654907512251355330534953685384539854115427544754725511
DE7254378269781807911382163822608244082537825328250182438823158221882002 p
EE12091356147215711372136713611356135113481345134213411340
IE2836294333933507377838333900396440284109420943134401 p4466 p
GR83008781958410121109041093110969110061104111083111251117211214 p11257 p
ES3032733588372423882640050404774096441664423454303843758444754528345828
FR45465505285373156577605456097961424618646229262773632296362363983 p64351 p
IT5002653685563885669456924569615699457321578885846258752591315961960053 p
CY572612510573690698706715730749766779789794 p
LV21042352250926682382236423462331231923062295228122712261
LT27563119340436943512348734763463344634253403338533663350
LU313339363379434439444448455461469476484494
HU996110322107091037510222102001017510142101171009810077100661004510031 p
MT327303315352380391 b395397400403405408410414
NL1141712958140911489315864159871610516193162581630616334163581640516487
AT70307455754676458002802180658102814082078266829983198355 p
PL2948032671354133803838654382543824238219381913817438157381253811638136
PT882686989714999610195102571032910407104751052910570105991061810627 p
RO1831920140221332321122455224302183321773217112165921610215652152921499
SI1581171818931996198819901994199519961998200320102010 b2032
SK39704537496352885399537953795379538053855389539454015412
FI44134614477149745171518151955206522052375256527753005326
SE74718004830385278861888389098941897690119048911391839256
UK52200555465628557157587855900059218594385970060060603936081761194 p61635 p
HR41274403459847734498443944454443444244444443444144364435
MK1384161718781873202220312039202420302035203920422045 p2049 p
TR2712034881440215549566889678966883869770706927161072520696897058671517
IS174204227254279283287288291294300308315319
LI1621262832333434343535353536
NO35683863407942334478450345244552457746064640468147374799
CH5296616963046674716472047256731473647415745975097593 p7700 p
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
p Provisional value, b Break in series, : Data not available. Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Total population, 1 January (The number of inhabitants of the area on 1 January (or on 31 December of the previous year) in 1000 inhabitants),
Eurostat 2008-based population projections, convergence scenario
20102015202020252030203520402045205020552060
EU-27499389507727513838517811519942520654520103518362515303510996505719
EA-16328262334943339541342517344409345435345475344425342209338957335109
BE1078411070113221154711745119061203312125121941224712295
BG75647382718869746753653563306129592357105485
CZ1039410497105431051610420102881015810036989297229514
DK55125591566157365808585858825890589559035920
DE8214581858814728090780152791507782176249744917262170759
EE13331323131112921267124312211202118111591132
IE46145052540456735881605762216381653166546752
EL1130711476115561157511573115751156711531114451130111118
ES4667349381511095210152661530275329053409532295270151913
FR6258364203656076684667982690216989870553710447144271800
IT6001760929614216168361868619956200261777612406041359390
CY82188895510171072112111671211125112881320
LV22472200215120952033197019131858180417461682
LT33373275322031583083299829122825273726452548
LU494523551579607633657678697715732
HU100239964989397909651950193529213906188988717
MT414421427431432429424419415410405
NL1650316717168961706917208172711722617085169091674016596
AT84058570872388668988907591229138912790889037
PL3809238068379603761236975361413521934257332753224431139
PT1072310947111081122411317113951145211475114491137311265
RO2133421103208342048420049196191916118679181491758416921
SI20342053205820472023199219581921187818301779
SK54075427543254025332523151154993485947124547
FI53375429550155495569555755215481544854225402
SE9306958898531009410270103821047010565106721078010875
UK6198463792656836754369224706857200973282745067564776677
HR:::::::::::
MK:::::::::::
TR:::::::::::
IS:::::::::::
LI:::::::::::
NO48165000517853515506563457355820589859706037
CH76957947819284248631879889249021909691529193
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France. Sources: Eurostat - 2008-based population projections, convergence scenario
Crude rate of total population change (per 1000 inhabitants)
1960197019801990200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-278,04,24,73,42,11,74,14,44,84,24,34,74,2
EA-164,25,06,16,36,65,65,35,94,7
BE5,4-1,00,83,92,44,54,53,94,76,36,97,78,2 p
BG9,76,03,4-11,2-5,1-32,2-5,8-5,7-5,2-5,5-5,1-5,1-4,4
CZ-7,5-9,8-2,2-5,6-1,1-5,9-0,30,80,93,03,59,18,3
DK6,28,90,42,23,63,62,82,62,53,03,64,67,2
DE7,5-2,62,88,11,22,21,2-0,1-0,4-0,8-1,5-1,2-2,6 p
EE10,89,16,8-1,8-3,7-4,2-3,8-3,7-2,6-2,1-1,7-1,1-0,4
IE-4,99,411,74,014,517,316,216,020,024,024,320,414,5 p
GR7,52,812,17,12,53,43,43,13,83,84,23,83,9 p
ES8,413,410,51,210,612,016,916,216,216,616,218,012,0 p
FR9,69,65,54,67,17,37,16,97,77,26,25,65,7 p
IT6,95,11,60,90,70,65,79,89,94,96,48,27,3 p
CY2,78,09,825,010,211,4 b13,521,125,422,715,913,55,9 p
LV15,96,22,3-3,7-7,4-7,8-6,1-5,3-5,5-5,1-5,8-4,6-4,2
LT16,513,25,32,2-7,2-3,3-3,8-4,8-6,0-6,5-5,4-5,5-4,9
LU5,94,03,813,412,411,49,514,713,716,915,015,919,9
HU4,63,10,3-0,2-2,1-2,5-3,2-2,5-1,9-2,1-1,0-2,1-1,4 p
MT-4,01,08,79,86,18,26,76,57,05,86,96,18,1
NL12,112,48,37,97,77,45,44,02,91,81,52,94,9 p
AT4,93,21,08,62,35,54,64,78,17,24,02,44,4
PL10,6-0,49,03,8-10,4-0,3-0,6-0,7-0,4-0,4-0,8-0,30,5
PT7,2-4,010,8-2,66,07,17,56,45,23,82,81,70,9 p
RO9,510,99,9-0,8-1,1-27,0-2,8-2,8-2,4-2,2-2,1-1,7-1,4
SI5,38,08,71,81,22,00,50,70,62,93,57,710,9 b
SK48,40,76,64,3-3,70,00,00,20,90,80,81,42,1
FI7,5-3,53,44,81,92,72,22,63,23,64,14,44,9
SE3,69,61,87,42,43,03,53,94,04,07,27,68,0
UK7,64,21,03,23,63,73,74,46,05,57,06,27,2 p
HR6,24,00,72,0-13,21,3-0,4-0,20,5-0,2-0,4-1,1-0,3
MK10,715,114,09,44,73,7-7,43,12,61,61,71,61,7 p
TR23,123,422,521,714,913,813,413,112,912,612,412,8 b13,1
IS19,63,910,48,215,311,36,67,210,321,325,625,012,3
LI21,519,9-23,220,213,419,910,012,68,98,87,55,36,6
NO7,66,53,33,95,64,66,25,56,37,38,811,913,0
CH12,13,95,012,45,57,18,06,96,95,96,611,214,0 p
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
p Provisional value, b Break in series, : Data not available. Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Crude rate of natural change (per 1000 inhabitants)
1960197019801990200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-275,93,42,00,60,50,30,20,80,61,01,01,2
EA-161,11,00,90,61,30,91,31,21,3
BE4,32,41,12,01,01,00,50,51,31,41,91,92,2 p
BG9,77,33,4-0,4-5,1-5,5-5,9-5,7-5,2-5,5-5,1-4,9-4,3
CZ3,62,51,80,1-1,8-1,7-1,5-1,7-0,9-0,60,11,01,4
DK7,14,60,30,51,71,31,01,31,61,71,71,61,9
DE5,30,9-1,1-0,2-0,9-1,1-1,5-1,8-1,4-1,8-1,8-1,7-2,0 p
EE6,14,72,71,8-3,9-4,3-3,9-3,8-2,7-2,2-1,8-1,2-0,5
IE9,910,411,96,26,17,17,98,28,38,18,69,810,4 p
GR11,68,16,30,8-0,20,00,0-0,10,10,20,60,20,8 p
ES13,111,37,51,80,91,11,21,41,91,82,52,42,9 p
FR6,56,04,74,24,44,34,03,74,54,34,84,54,5 p
IT8,87,41,50,5-0,2-0,3-0,3-0,80,3-0,60,0-0,2-0,1 p
CY9,411,110,04,54,83,84,04,23,74,74,15,2 p
LV6,73,31,41,2-5,0-5,7-5,3-4,9-5,1-4,9-4,7-4,3-3,1
LT14,78,74,74,6-1,4-2,5-3,2-3,0-3,2-3,9-4,0-3,9-2,6
LU4,20,80,23,04,53,93,62,84,13,83,73,44,1
HU4,53,10,3-1,9-3,7-3,4-3,5-4,1-3,7-3,8-3,2-3,5-3,1 p
MT17,67,47,57,43,82,7 b2,32,32,21,81,61,92,1
NL13,29,94,74,64,23,93,73,63,53,23,02,93,0 p
AT5,21,8-0,21,00,20,10,30,00,60,40,40,20,3
PL15,08,69,74,10,30,1-0,1-0,4-0,2-0,10,10,30,9
PT13,410,16,51,41,40,70,80,40,70,20,3-0,10,0 p
RO10,411,57,52,9-0,9-1,8-2,7-2,5-2,0-1,9-1,8-1,7-1,5
SI8,05,85,81,9-0,2-0,5-0,6-1,1-0,3-0,30,40,61,3 b
SK14,08,58,94,80,5-0,2-0,1-0,10,40,20,10,10,8
FI9,64,43,93,11,41,51,21,51,91,92,01,82,0
SE3,63,70,63,4-0,3-0,30,10,71,21,11,61,71,9
UK6,04,51,62,71,21,11,11,42,22,32,93,23,5 p
HR8,43,83,90,7-1,5-1,9-2,4-2,9-2,1-2,1-2,0-2,4-1,9
MK21,615,613,911,05,95,04,84,42,72,01,91,51,9 p
TR14,113,713,513,212,912,612,612,8 b11,5
IS21,412,513,112,08,88,37,78,08,38,28,38,49,0
LI15,612,38,56,45,55,55,33,85,14,84,03,54,1
NO8,26,72,43,53,42,82,43,13,43,43,73,53,9
CH7,96,82,33,02,21,51,51,21,71,61,71,82,0 p
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
p Provisional value, b Break in series, : Data not available. Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Crude rate of net migration1 (per 1000 inhabitants)
1960197019801990200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27-1,71,31,41,51,23,84,23,83,43,34,23,0
EA-163,13,95,25,75,04,44,15,53,4
BE1,0-3,4-0,22,01,43,53,93,43,44,85,15,96,0 p
BG0,0-1,30,0-10,90,0-26,70,10,00,00,00,0-0,2-0,1
CZ-11,1-12,3-4,0-5,70,6-4,21,22,51,83,53,48,16,9
DK-0,94,30,11,71,92,21,81,30,91,21,93,05,3
DE2,2-3,53,98,32,03,32,71,71,01,00,30,5-0,7 p
EE4,64,54,1-3,60,20,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,1
IE-14,8-0,9-0,2-2,28,410,28,37,811,715,915,710,64,0 p
GR-4,1-5,35,86,32,73,53,53,23,73,63,63,63,1 p
ES-4,72,23,0-0,59,710,815,714,914,314,813,715,69,1 p
FR3,13,60,80,52,73,03,13,23,23,01,41,11,2 p
IT-1,9-2,30,10,40,90,96,010,69,65,56,48,47,3 p
CY-1,5-1,315,05,76,69,717,121,319,011,29,40,8 p
LV9,22,91,0-4,9-2,3-2,2-0,8-0,4-0,5-0,2-1,1-0,3-1,1
LT1,84,50,6-2,4-5,8-0,7-0,6-1,8-2,8-2,6-1,4-1,6-2,3
LU1,73,23,710,37,97,55,912,09,613,111,312,515,8
HU0,10,00,01,81,61,00,31,51,81,72,11,41,7 p
MT-21,6-6,41,22,42,35,5b4,44,24,84,05,34,26,0
NL-1,12,53,63,33,63,51,70,4-0,6-1,4-1,6-0,11,9 p
AT-0,31,41,27,62,25,44,34,77,66,83,52,24,1
PL-4,4-9,0-0,7-0,3-10,7-0,4-0,5-0,4-0,2-0,3-0,9-0,5-0,4
PT-6,3-14,04,3-3,94,66,36,86,14,53,62,51,80,9 p
RO-0,9-0,62,4-3,7-0,2-25,2-0,1-0,3-0,5-0,3-0,30,00,1
SI-2,72,22,9-0,11,42,51,11,80,93,23,17,19,6 b
SK34,4-7,7-2,3-0,4-4,10,20,20,30,50,60,71,31,3
FI-2,1-7,9-0,51,70,51,21,01,11,31,72,02,62,9
SE-0,15,81,24,12,73,23,53,22,83,05,65,96,0
UK1,6-0,3-0,60,42,42,62,73,03,83,24,12,93,7 p
HR-2,20,2-3,21,3-11,73,21,92,72,61,91,61,31,6
MK-10,8-0,50,1-1,6-1,2-1,3-12,2-1,4-0,1-0,4-0,30,1-0,3 p
TR0,90,020,020,020,020,020,020,021,6
IS-1,8-8,7-2,7-3,96,53,0-1,2-0,72,013,017,316,63,3
LI5,97,6-31,813,87,814,54,78,83,84,03,51,82,5
NO-0,7-0,20,90,42,21,83,82,52,94,05,18,49,1
CH4,2-2,92,79,43,35,66,55,75,14,34,99,412,0 p
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
-
1)including the statistical adjustment that corresponds to all changes in the population that cannot be classified as births, deaths, immigration or emigration.
-
2)The net migration in Turkey is assumed to be zero due to lack of information.
p Provisional value, b Break in series, : Data not available. Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Total fertility rate (in number of children per woman)
196019701980199020002001200220032004200520062007
EU27::::::1.45 e1.47 e1.49 e1.50 e1.53 e1.55 e
EA16::::::::::::
BE2.542.251.681.62::::::::
BG2.312.172.051.821.261.211.211.231.291.321.381.42
CZ2.111.902.101.901.141.141.171.181.231.281.331.44
DK2.571.951.551.671.781.761.721.761.781.801.851.84
DE::::1.381.351.341.341.361.341.331.37
EE:::2.051.381.341.371.371.471.501.551.63
IE:::2.111.891.941.971.961.941.861.892.01
GR:2.402.231.401.261.251.271.281.301.331.401.41
ES::2.201.361.231.241.261.311.331.351.381.40
FR2.732.471.951.781.891.891.881.891.921.942.001.98
IT2.372.381.641.331.261.251.271.291.331.321.351.37
CY::::1.641.571.491.501.491.421.451.39
LV::::::1.231.291.241.311.351.41
LT:2.401.992.031.391.301.241.261.261.271.311.35
LU:1.761.381.601.761.661.631.621.661.631.651.61
HU2.021.981.911.871.321.311.301.271.281.311.341.32
MT::::1.701.481.451.481.401.381.391.37
NL3.122.571.601.621.721.711.731.751.721.711.721.72
AT2.692.291.651.461.361.331.391.381.421.401.401.38
PL:::2.061.351.311.251.221.231.241.271.31
PT3.163.012.251.561.551.451.471.441.401.401.361.33
RO::2.431.831.311.271.251.271.291.321.321.30
SI:::1.461.261.211.211.201.251.261.311.38
SK3.032.412.312.091.301.201.191.201.241.251.241.25
FI2.721.831.631.781.731.731.721.771.801.801.841.83
SE:1.921.682.131.541.571.651.711.751.771.851.88
UK::1.901.831.641.631.641.711.761.781.841.90 p
HR::::::1.341.321.341.411.381.40
MK::::1.881.731.801.771.521.461.461.46
TR::::::::::::
IS:2.812.482.302.081.951.931.992.042.052.082.09
LI::::1.571.521.471.361.441.491.431.42
NO:2.501.721.931.851.781.751.801.831.841.901.90
CH2.442.101.551.581.501.381.391.391.421.421.441.46
Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
e Eurostat estimate, BE not included. p Provisional, : Data not available. Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics
Life expe ctanc y a t birth
(The me an n umbe r of ye ars that a ne wb orn ch ild is expe cte d to l ive if su bjected th rou gho ut h er/hi s li fe to the cu rren t mo rtality cond itions (a ge spe cific p rob abil ities of dying) )
1 9601 9701 9801 990200 0200 1200 220 0320 04
TFMTFMTFMTFMTFMTFMTFMTFMTFM
EU27::::::::::::::::::77 .78 0.97 4.57 7.88 0.87 4.67 8.48 1.57 5.2
EA16::::::::::::78 .781 .875 .479 .082 .175 .779 .18 2.17 5.97 9.08 1.97 5.97 9.88 2.77 6.7
BE69.772.866.871.074.267.973.376.769.976.279.572.777 .981 .074 .678 .181 .274 .978 .28 1.27 5.17 8.38 1.17 5.37 8.98 1.87 6.0
BG69.371.167.571.273.569.171.173.968.471.274.768.071 .675 .068 .471 .975 .468 .672 .17 5.56 8.87 2.37 5.96 8.97 2.57 6.26 9.0
CZ70.773.567.869.673.166.170.474.066.971.575.567.675 .178 .571 .775 .478 .672 .175 .47 8.77 2.17 5.37 8.67 2.07 5.97 9.27 2.6
DK::::::74.277.371.274.977.872.076 .979 .274 .577 .079 .374 .777 .17 9.47 4.87 7.47 9.87 5.07 7.88 0.27 5.4
DE69.271.766.570.773.667.573.176.269.675.478.572.078 .381 .275 .178 .681 .475 .678 .68 1.37 5.77 8.68 1.37 5.87 9.38 1.97 6.5
EE:::::::::69.974.964.770 .876 .265 .270 .676 .464 .871 .17 7.06 5.27 1.77 7.16 6.17 2.27 7.86 6.4
IE:::::::::74.877.772.176 .679 .274 .077 .279 .974 .577 .98 0.57 5.27 8.48 0.87 5.97 8.98 1.47 6.4
EL:::73.876.071.675.377.573.077.179.574.778 .080 .675 .578 .581 .075 .978 .78 1.17 6.27 8.88 1.27 6.57 8.98 1.37 6.6
ES::::::75.478.472.377.080.673.479 .382 .975 .879 .783 .276 .279 .88 3.27 6.37 9.68 3.07 6.38 0.38 3.77 6.9
FR:::::::::77.081.272.879 .283 .075 .379 .283 .075 .579 .48 3.07 5.77 9.38 2.77 5.88 0.38 3.87 6.7
IT:::::::::77.180.373.879 .982 .876 .980 .283 .177 .180 .48 3.27 7.48 0.08 2.87 7.18 1.08 3.87 7.9
CY::::::::::::77 .780 .175 .479 .081 .476 .678 .78 1.07 6.47 9.18 1.27 6.97 9.28 1.97 6.6
LV::::::::::::::::::70 .47 6.06 4.77 0.87 5.86 5.67 1.27 6.26 5.9
LT:::71.175.066.870.575.465.471.576.366.472 .277 .566 .871 .877 .665 .971 .97 7.56 6.27 2.17 7.86 6.47 2.07 7.76 6.3
LU::::::72.875.670.075.778.772.478 .081 .374 .678 .080 .775 .178 .18 1.57 4.67 7.98 0.87 4.87 9.28 2.47 6.0
HU68.170.265.969.272.166.369.172.865.569.473.865.271 .976 .267 .572 .576 .768 .272 .67 6.76 8.37 2.67 6.76 8.47 3.07 7.26 8.7
MT::::::70.472.868.0:::78 .480 .376 .278 .981 .276 .678 .88 1.37 6.37 8.78 0.87 6.47 9.48 1.27 7.4
NL:::::::::77.180.273.878 .280 .775 .678 .480 .875 .878 .58 0.77 6.07 8.78 1.07 6.37 9.38 1.57 6.9
AT:::70.173.566.572.776.169.075.879.072.378 .381 .275 .278 .881 .775 .778 .98 1.77 5.87 8.88 1.57 5.97 9.48 2.17 6.4
PL:::::::::70.775.366.373 .878 .069 .674 .278 .470 .074 .57 8.87 0.37 4.77 8.87 0.57 4.97 9.27 0.6
PT64.066.761.166.769.763.671.574.967.974.177.570.676 .780 .273 .277 .080 .573 .577 .38 0.67 3.87 7.48 0.67 4.27 8.38 1.57 5.0
RO:::68.270.465.969.271.966.669.973.166.771 .274 .867 .771 .174 .967 .570 .97 4.76 7.47 1.37 5.06 7.77 1.87 5.56 8.2
SI:::::::::73.977.869.876 .279 .972 .276 .480 .472 .376 .68 0.57 2.67 6.48 0.37 2.57 7.28 0.87 3.5
SK70.372.767.969.873.166.870.474.466.771.175.766.773 .377 .569 .273 .677 .769 .573 .87 7.76 9.87 3.87 7.76 9.87 4.27 8.07 0.3
FI::::::73.778.069.275.179.071.077 .881 .274 .278 .281 .774 .678 .38 1.67 4.97 8.68 1.97 5.17 9.08 2.57 5.4
SE:::74.777.372.375.879.072.877.780.574.879 .882 .077 .479 .982 .277 .680 .08 2.17 7.78 0.38 2.57 8.08 0.78 2.87 8.4
UK::::::::::::78 .080 .375 .578 .280 .575 .878 .38 0.67 6.07 8.48 0.57 6.27 8.98 1.07 6.8
HR::::::::::::::::::74 .87 8.37 1.27 4.77 8.17 1.17 5.57 8.87 1.9
MK::::::::::::73 .075 .270 .873 .476 .170 .973 .07 5.67 0.67 3.27 5.77 0.97 3.67 5.87 1.5
TR:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
IS:::73.877.370.776.880.473.578.180.775.579 .781 .677 .880 .783 .278 .380 .68 2.57 8.68 1.08 2.57 9.58 1.18 3.27 8.9
LI::::::::::::77 .079 .973 .979 .382 .476 .379 .88 2.37 7.18 0.18 1.67 8.48 2.08 5.17 8.6
NO73.876.071.674.377.571.275.879.372.476.679.973.478 .881 .576 .079 .081 .676 .279 .08 1.67 6.47 9.68 2.17 7.18 0.18 2.57 7.6
CH71.474.168.773.276.270.075.779.072.377.580.974.080 .082 .877 .080 .583 .277 .580 .68 3.27 7.98 0.78 3.27 8.08 1.38 3.87 8.6
Note: Da ta fo r France r efer to metro pol ita n Fran ce until 1 997 a nd to Fran ce inclu din g overse as dep artme nts startin g from 19 98.
-
2.INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Migration is the main driver of population change in the EU. In 2008, the annual net migration rate was 3.0 per 1 000 population in the 27 Member States, representing around 73 % of total population growth.
Important role of international migration in population growth
In most of the EU Member States international migration plays an important role in population growth. Between 2003 and 2007 net migration ranged between 1.64 and 2.04 million. It accounted on average for 84 % of the total population growth in the EU during this period (see the figure in the section on Population Demography).
According to estimates based on currently available data the number of immigrations arrivals increased to more than 4 million in 2007. It is more difficult to estimate the number of people emigrating from EU Member States because of the unavailability of emigration data for a number of countries, including some countries with the biggest populations. Nevertheless, according to available information (existing data and feasible estimates) the number of people emigrating is considerably smaller than the number immigrating - between 2.0 million and 2.5 million emigrations in 2007.
The proportion of foreign citizens living in EU countries is steadily increasing. In 2006 86% of all immigrants were not citizens of the country to which they migrated, while the other 14% were nationals returning to their home country. More than one third of all immigrants were EU citizens migrating to another Member State and the remaining approximately 2 million immigrants were citizens of non-EU countries, who had arrived either from a country outside the European Union, or from a Member State different from the country of immigration.
Figure 1. Immigrants by citizenship group, EU-27, 2006
-
Nationals
14%
Citizens of
non-EU
countries
Figure 2. EU population by groups of citizenship, 1 January 2008
Share of EU and non-EU foreign citizens Share of nationals and foreign citizens
among non-national populationin total population
Foreign
citizens
6%
other
EU27
citizens
non-EU27 37%
citizensNational
63%citizens
94%
Source: Eurostat estimates
In absolute terms, the largest numbers of foreign citizens reside in Germany (7.3 million), Spain (5.3 million), the United Kingdom (4.0 million), France (3.7 million) and Italy (3.4 million) (see Annex: Population by main group of citizenship)
In relative terms, the non-national population varied from less than 1 percent of the total population in Romania, Poland, Bulgaria and Slovakia to 42 percent in Luxembourg at the end of 2007. The proportion of non-nationals to total population is 10 percent or higher in Latvia (18 %), Estonia (17 %), Cyprus (16 %), Ireland (13 %), Spain (12 %) and Austria (10 %).
In all 27 Member States, with exception of Luxembourg, Ireland, Belgium, Cyprus, Slovakia, Hungary and Malta, the majority of foreigners are citizens of a country outside the European Union.
Figure 3. Population by main groups of citizenship in EU Member States, Candidate countries and EFTA, 1 January 2008.
National and foreign populations
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
LU LV EE CY IE ES AT BEDE EL UK EFR IT SE DK PT NL MT SI CZ FI HU LT SK BG PL ROHR TR IS NO CH
U-
27
National citizensForeign citizens
Source: Eurostat, Migration statistics and Eurostat estimates.
The citizenship structure of foreign populations in the EU Member States varies greatly. The composition of the non-national population in each country strongly reflects labour migration flows, recent political developments, geographical proximity and historical links. Citizens of Turkey, Morocco and Romania are the three most numerous non-national groups in the EU as a whole. The largest group of foreign citizens in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands are Turkish citizens, while Moroccans are the most numerous non-EU foreigners in Belgium and Spain. On 1 January 2008, Romanian citizens were the biggest non-national group in Spain, Italy and Hungary.
The number of foreigners living in a country, just like the total population of a country, depends not only on migration flows but also on other drivers of population change, such as vital events. However, more significant changes compared to natural increase or decrease are usually due to naturalisation and other means of acquiring citizenship after birth. The national laws on citizenship vary between Member States. In consequence, the ratio of of citizenships acquired to the number of foreigners living in the country is also different.
In 2007, Sweden had the highest ratio of acquisition of citizenship with 68 grants of citizenship per thousand non- nationals registered in the country, well above Hungary, the country in second position. A significant ratio, above 40 grants per thousand foreigners, was also recorded in Slovakia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, while the lowest ratios were observed for Romania and Greece. For the vast majority of the countries, however, the ratio varies between 10 and 40 acquisitions per thousand non-nationals.
Figure 4. Acquisition of citizenship per thousand non-nationals, 2007
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
EU27 ROGRLUCZLTIEDKITDEESATEELVCYPLSIFRBEFIMTNLUKSKHUSE
Asylum
After decreasing for five consecutive years, the number of asylum seekers in the EU has begun to rise slightly again and in 2008 there were 256 000 persons in the 27 EU Member States submitting an application for international protection (the increase in 2008 compared to the previous year may have been, to a limited extent, influenced by the changes in the asylum methodology
Asylum applications, EU-27 and EU-15, 1990-2008
thousands
800
followed by Cyprus (4 400) and Sweden (2 700) while at the other end of the scale 11 applicants per million citizens were registered in Estonia and 15 in Portugal.
First instance decisions and final decisions on appeal on asylum applications in EU/EFTA in 2008
Positive decisions
Total decisions
TotalRefugee statusSubsidiary protectionHumanitarian protectionRejections
First Final
First Final Final Final Final Final
instance decisions decisions
on appeal First
decisions
on appeal
on appeal instance instance decisions
on appeal First
instance decisions First
decisions
on appeal First
on appeal instance instance
EU27 2066906236056735156702730598602076035708670224014995546690
EA16 1451355984538170146002000095201288030855285199510696545245
BE 1362052403505395304031547085--101154840
BG 670252951025 26510--37520
CZ 1555:350:170:150:30:1200:
DK 1250480730165200110315502105520315
DE 193301107078702775731016255601150 114658295
EE 15 5 5 10
IE 4790246014652952952955-1165-33252165
GR 295801340553601534515 251529525980
ES 513011202751015010110515:48501110
FR 317652435051506320447551906751125--2661018030
IT 186051655812016201805 6310 16201048530
CY :2845:35:10:5:20:2810
LV 10155 1015
LT 1053565 15 50 --3535
LU 485480185555055 140 300425
HU 91055395 170 65 160 51055
MT 26852301410 20 1385 1275225
NL 10925800567541551575161016535501755245390
AT5905779536402035220515501180485255:22705760
PL 42451852770301855107551510201475155
PT 105 70 10 60 --40
RO 67545110458515103015:565:
SI 1601005 155100
SK 37070901020 65105 28065
FI 1675956558090 4355513525102010
SE 295451680784582516952104825390132522521700855
UK 23665:7080:4750:2190:135:16585:
HR ::::::::::::
MK ::::::::::::
numbers of positive decisions during 2008 (at both first and final instance, in absolute terms) were issued in France (11.5 thousand), Germany (10.6 thousand) and Italy (9.7 thousand).
Policy context
The Treaty of Amsterdam introduced a new Title IV (Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons) into the EC Treaty. It covers the following fields: free movement of persons; controls at external borders; asylum, immigration and safeguarding of the rights of third-country nationals; judicial cooperation in civil matters and administrative cooperation.
The Treaty of Amsterdam thus established Community competence in the fields of immigration and asylum and transferred these areas from the intergovernmental third pillar to the community first pillar, with decisions in these fields being shaped in instruments such as directives. The European Council at its meeting in Tampere in October 1999, called for the development in the following five years of a common EU policy in these areas including the following elements: partnership with countries of origin, a common European asylum system, fair treatment of third-country nationals and management of migration flows. The Hague Programme of 4-5 November 2004 set the priorities for the current period (2005-2010) and stressed the importance of having an open debate on economic migration at EU level, which together with the best practices in Member States and their relevance for the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy should be the basis for "a policy plan on legal migration including admission procedures capable of responding promptly to fluctuating demands for migrant labour in the labour market". This Policy Plan was adopted by the Commission in December 2005 and is currently being implemented: the Commission presented in November 2007 proposals for two directives: one on a single permit and on the socio-economic rights of third-country nationals; and another one on the admission of highly-skilled migrants. The latter was adopted by the Council in May 2009
-
4.Three further proposals on legal migration (admission of
seasonal workers, intra-corporate transferees and remunerated trainees) will be presented by the Commission by 2010. Among the non-legislative measures, the Commission is setting up an EU Immigration Portal designed to provide immigrants and potential immigrants with information on a broad spectrum of migration-related issues (conditions of entry and stay, the risks of illegal migration, remittances, etc). In parallel, measures aiming at reducing illegal immigration have also been adopted, like the directive on sanctions for employers of illegally staying immigrants
5, and the recently adopted directive on common standards on returning of illegally staying
immigrants6.
Asylum policy is also an important priority. After the adoption between 1999 and 2005 (first phase of the Common European Asylum System CEAS) of a number of legislative instruments in this area, the Commission launched a debate about the future direction of European asylum policy with the presentation of a Green Paper in June 2007. The results of the Green Paper consultation helped to shape a Policy Plan on Asylum presented on 17 June 2008
7, which set out the Commission's intentions for the second phase of the CEAS and listed all the policy
initiatives to be taken between 2008 and 2010. Most of those initiatives have been proposed since December
2008: amendments to the directive on reception conditions for asylum-seekers
8, and to the Dublin9 and Eurodac10
regulations; proposals for the establishment of a European Asylum Support Office11 and of a joint resettlement
Methodological notes
Source: Eurostat - Migration Statistics.
`Immigrant' means a person undertaking immigration, which is the action of establishing usual residence in the territory of a Member State for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, having previously been usually resident in another country. This definition does not apply to persons already living in the country who migrated in the past. Total immigration flows include return migration of nationals and immigration of non- nationals and the latter category encompasses both citizens of other EU Member States and third-country nationals. The citizenship of an immigrant does not reflect the country of previous residence, thus not all non-EU immigrants are newcomers to the EU. Member States apply definitions of migration that consider different duration of stay as the criterion for identifying migration. In some countries national definitions on immigrants exclude some categories of migrants (temporary migrants for longer than one year, students, asylum seekers, etc.). Some countries record only permanent residents when counting the number of non-nationals, resulting in an underestimation of foreign residents. Some countries include some dependents in their figures for asylum applications, others do not. The same applies to repeat applications.
The implementation of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 of 11 July 2007 on Community statistics on migration and international protection (repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 311/76 on the compilation of statistics on foreign workers) will improve the collection and analysis of data on immigration and asylum in the EU, by harmonising statistical definitions and providing a binding framework for the compilation of data on a wide range of categories: residence permits, asylum data, statistics on returns, on resident foreign population, etc. Its first reference year is 2008; data compiled in accordance with the Regulation will therefore be made available to the Commission (Eurostat) in the course of 2009.
A further valuable source on foreign population in the EU is the EU Labour Force Survey (LFS). The LFS provides breakdowns by nationality according to various social-demographic variables such as gender, age, employment status and educational attainment.
Links to other parts of the report
Demography, households and families (2.2) and Population (Annex 1.3.2)
Further reading
· "Population statistics", 2006 edition. Eurostat.
· Data in Focus (Population and social conditions): "First demographic estimates for 2007" No. 3/2008, Eurostat.
· Statistics in Focus (Population and social conditions): "Acquisition of citizenship in the European Union"
P opul ation by ma in group of citize nship, 200 8
in thousa nds in percentages
Non nationalsNon nationals
Nationals of Nationals of othe r E U-27
TotalNationals
Totalother EU- 27 Non-E U-27 NationalsNon- EU-27
m ember nationalsTot al
m ember nationals
statesstat es
EU-2 7497 ,4314 66,65 330,77811 ,30219,4 7693.8%6.2%2 .3 %3.9%
EA -16326 ,9083 02,29 324,6149 ,06815,5 4792.5%7.5%2 .8 %4.8%
BE10,6679,69 59716593 1290.9%9.1%6 .2 %2.9%
BG7 ,6407,61 62442199.7%0.3%0 .0 %0.3%
CZ10,38110,03 33481322 1696.7%3.3%1 .3 %2.1%
DK5 ,4765,17 7298932 0594.5%5.5%1 .7 %3.7%
DE82,21874,96 27,2552 ,5164,7 4091.2%8.8%3 .1 %5.8%
EE1 ,3411,11 222982 2182.9%17.1%0 .6 %16.5%
IE4 ,4013,84 85543921 6287.4%12.6%8 .9 %3.7%
EL11,21410,30 79061587 4891.9%8.1%1 .4 %6.7%
ES45,28340,02 15,2622 ,1133,1 4988.4%11.6%4 .7 %7.0%
FR63,75360,07 93,6741 ,2832,3 9194.2%5.8%2 .0 %3.8%
IT59,61956,18 73,4339342,4 9894.2%5.8%1 .6 %4.2%
CY78966 4125814484.1%15.9%10 .3 %5.6%
LV2 ,2711,85 541584 0881.7%18.3%0 .3 %17.9%
LT3 ,3663,32 34334098.7%1.3%0 .1 %1.2%
LU48427 82061772957.4%42.6%36 .6 %6.0%
HU10,0459,86 91771017698.2%1.8%1 .0 %0.8%
MT41039 5158796.2%3.8%2 .0 %1.8%
NL16,40515,71 76882634 2595.8%4.2%1 .6 %2.6%
AT8 ,3197,48 38352905 4590.0%10.0%3 .5 %6.6%
PL38,11638,05 858253399.8%0.2%0 .1 %0.1%
PT10,61810,17 14461163 3195.8%4.2%1 .1 %3.1%
RO21,52921,50 32662099.9%0.1%0 .0 %0.1%
SI2 ,0261,95 76946596.6%3.4%0 .2 %3.2%
SK5 ,4015,36 041261599.2%0.8%0 .5 %0.3%
FI5 ,3005,16 8133478697.5%2.5%0 .9 %1.6%
SE9 ,1838,65 85242412 8494.3%5.7%2 .6 %3.1%
UK61,17657,15 54,0211 ,6152,4 0693.4%6.6%2 .6 %3.9%
Immigration and emigration by main group of citizenship, 2007
Immigration by main group of citizenship, 2007 1)Emigration by main group of citizenship, 2007
Non nationalsNon nationals
TotalNationalsTotalNationals
TotalNationals of other EU-27 Non-EU-27 Non-EU-27
nationalsTotalNationals of
other EU-27 nationals
EU-27
EA-16
BE1464093648310992658025519019105245615454371984925588
BG15611498606542958292335629
CZ1044451934102511230267948520500207618424222116203
DK646562203342623213812124241566237711779587089087
DE680766106014574752343851230901636854161105475749278428197321
EE374117891952108986343843940444123321
IE887791713671643522591938442538::::
EL133185:13318521247111938:::::
ES958266377329205343892035313312270652809119897423383175591
FR::::::::::
IT556714::::65213::::
CY190179531806486809384113898161057315948979
LV3541986255516429134183188123021652137
LT8609614124683152153138531142224314761955
LU1667590915766128592907106742033864175061135
HU243611754226079059135484500367413330371096
MT673011715559376717925029135036793129550
NL116819365618025843228370309128762250290371519913838
AT106659149119174852251394977192819324526042662325981
PL14995133841611196141535480353011799089
PT46300::::26800::::
RO9575:95752216735988308830:::
SI2919316892750426462485814943317811765151610249
SK16265141714848918356653570157419969561040
FI26029852517504682710677124439330311318791234
SE9948515949835363135252184454182499020428106079821
UK526714714244552901718632834273175871593391582476495893289
HR14622137049152516649002808427333240
MK13203669541478072402241679
-
3.HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
The average household size varied between 2 and 3 persons in the EU Member States in 2008. The share of persons living alone differs considerably between Member States. Germany and Finland showed relatively high proportions of single-person households in 2008. In all Member States, young women leave the parental home considerably earlier than men. In the EU, the age at which half or more of the women are living without their parents is 23.4 while for men it is 25.9
No major differences in average household size in the EU
Average household size, 2008
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
DEFIDKNLFRA TUKEEB ELTEU B GCZLUITELLVHUSIP TESIEP L ROSKCY M T
Source: Eurostat - EU Labour Force Survey
Household composition, 2008
No children Children
% 2 adults Total
single 2 adults 3 adults 1 adult
1 child 2 3
children children
EU-27 12 24 13 4 18 19 9 100
BE 13 26 9 7 15 19 11 100
BG 10 24 17 3 24 19 3 100
CZ 11 25 13 5 18 22 6 100
DK : : : : : : :
DE 19 31 9 4 15 15 6 100
EE 12 24 11 8 20 18 7 100
IE 12 21 19 2 21 20 5 100
EL 11 24 20 2 16 21 6 100
ES 7 20 21 2 22 22 6 100
FR 15 27 6 6 16 19 11 100
IT 8 19 15 5 16 19 18 100
CY 5 21 16 2 18 22 15 100
LV 10 20 15 6 24 17 8 100
LT 14 17 11 7 23 21 7 100
LU 13 22 8 4 16 23 14 100
HU 9 22 15 4 20 19 11 100
MT 5 17 22 2 23 22 9 100
NL 15 28 5 5 13 21 11 100
AT 15 23 15 3 18 18 8 100
PL 7 18 14 3 24 22 12 100
PT 6 20 19 3 27 20 5 100
RO 7 16 15 2 27 23 10 100
SI 10 18 18 3 21 21 8 100
Women leaving parental home earlier than men
Age half of population not living in parental home, 2008
38
36
HR
34
ELSK
32B G
ITMT
S I
30ESHUP TRO
a r sCZPLTR
28CYLV
LTLU
Y e
EU
26BE
IEAT
DEE E
NLUK
24FR
22FI
20
18
MenWomen
Source: Eurostat - EU Labour Force Survey
In 2008, on average in the EU half of the female population were no longer living with their parents at the age of 23. (For men this age is almost three years higher: 26 years.) Women leave the parental home earlier in all Member States. The age at which half of them were not living in the parental home varied from less than 22 years in Finland, the UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands to 27 years or more in Slovakia, Portugal, Slovenia, Italy, Greece and Malta. For men differences were even higher. The age at which half of them were not living with their parents ranged from less than 22 in Finland to more than 30 in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Greece and Malta. Women also start living with a partner earlier than men. In 2008, the age at which half of the female population were living with a partner was 26 years while for men it was 29 in the EU.
M arriage s and divorce s
(crude rates, per 1000 inhabitants)
Crude m arriage rateCrude divor ce rate
196019701980199020002007196019701980199020002007
EU27:7.96.86.35.24.9:0.9 e1.5 e1.6 e1.82.4
EA16:7.66.25.95.14.5:0.3 e0.6 e0.7 e1.72.4
BE7.17.66.76.54.44.30.50.71.52.02.62.8
BG8.88.67.96.94.33.9 1.21.51.31.32.1
CZ7.79.27.68.85.45.51.42.22.63.12.93.0
DK7.87.45.26.17.26.71.51.92.72.72.72.6
DE9.57.46.36.55.14.51.01.31.81.92.42.3
EE10.09.18.87.54.05.22.13.24.13.73.12.8
IE5.57.06.45.15.05.2::::0.70.8
GR7.07.76.55.84.55.50.30.40.70.61.01.2
ES7.77.35.95.75.44.5:::0.60.92.8
FR7.07.86.25.15.04.30.70.81.51.91.94.3
IT7.77.35.75.65.04.2::0.20.50.70.8
CY:8.67.69.714.17.5:0.20.30.61.72.1
LV11.010.29.88.93.96.82.44.65.04.02.63.3
LT10.19.59.29.84.86.80.92.23.23.43.13.4
LU7.16.45.96.14.94.10.50.61.62.02.42.3
HU8.99.37.56.44.74.11.72.22.62.42.32.5
MT6.07.98.87.16.76.1------
NL7.89.56.46.45.54.30.50.81.81.92.22.0
AT8.37.16.25.94.94.31.11.41.82.12.42.5
PL8.28.68.66.75.56.50.51.11.11.11.11.7
PT7.89.47.47.26.24.40.10.10.60.91.92.4
RO10.77.28.28.36.18.82.00.41.51.41.41.7
SI8.88.36.54.33.63.21.01.11.20.91.11.3
SK7.97.97.97.64.85.10.60.81.31.71.72.3
FI7.48.86.15.05.15.60.81.32.02.62.72.5
SE6.75.44.54.74.55.21.21.62.42.32.42.3
UK7.58.57.46.65.24.4 p0.51.02.62.72.62.4
HR8.98.57.25.84.95.21.21.21.21.11.01.1
MK8.69.08.58.37.07.60.70.30.50.40.70.7
TR::8.2::9.1:::::1.3
IS7.57.85.74.56.35.50.71.21.91.91.91.7
LI5.75.97.15.67.25.2 0.80.93.92.8
NO6.67.65.45.25.65.00.70.91.62.42.22.2
CH7.87.65.76.95.55.30.91.01.72.01.52.6
Note: Data for France ref er to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.
e Eurostat estimate
-
:Data not available
Live births outside marriage
L ive bi r ths outs ide m ar ri ag e
(as % of to tal li ve bir th s)
196019701980199020002007
EU27::::::
EA16:4.78.115. 9::
BE2.12.84.111. 6:39.0
BG8.08.510.912. 438.450.2
CZ4.95.45.68. 621.834.5
DK7.811.033.246. 444.646.1
DE7.67.211.915. 323.430.8
EE:::27. 254.557.8
IE1.62.75.914. 631.5:
GR1.21.11.52. 24.05.8
ES2.31.43.99. 617.7:
FR6.16.911.430. 143.651.7
IT2.42.14.36. 59.720.7
CY:0.20.60. 72.38.7
LV11.911.412.516. 940.343.0
LT:3.76.37. 022.629.2
LU3.24.06.012. 821.929.2
HU5.55.47.113. 129.037.5
MT0.71.51.11. 810.624.9
NL1.42.14.111. 424.939.5
AT13.012.817.823. 631.338.3
PL::::12.119.5
PT9.57.39.214. 722.233.6
RO::::25.526.7
SI9.18.513.124. 537.150.8
SK4.76.25.77. 618.328.8
FI4.05.813.125. 239.240.6
SE11.318.639.747. 055.354.8
UK5.28.011.527. 939.544.4
HR7.45.45.17. 09.011.5
MK5.16.26.17. 19.812.6
TR::::::
In the EU more elderly women live alone than men
Share of persons aged 55 and more, living alone, 2008
45
40
35
30
25
%
20
15
10
5
EUCY PT ES MT SK PL EL HU RO LV SIIT EE LU CZ BG BE AT DE FR FIIE NL DK UK LT SE
MenWomen
Source: Eurostat - EU Labour Force Survey
A considerable number of older persons live alone. In 2008 on average, 33 % of women aged 55 and over were living alone whereas the corresponding figure for men in the same age group was only 15 %. This share is much higher for women than for men mostly because of the higher life expectancy of women. More than half of women above 75 years who were still in a private household were living alone, compared to less than a quarter of men.
All Member States show consistent differences between men and women. In Germany and the Netherlands the share of women above 75 years who live alone in private households exceeds 60 % while the figure for men is considerably less than 30 % for men.
13
Owing to population ageing, the increase in the number of single-person households is expected to continue as a result of the rising number of older people living alone.
The Communication made the point that there is still a window of opportunity of about 10 years during which further employment growth would remain possible. Couples have become less stable and choose to have children at a later age, often without being married. Women today have much better opportunities on the labour market and, thanks to their rapidly rising level of educational attainment, are much better equipped to seize those opportunities. In this context, better gender and reconciliation policies have become crucial in securing good living conditions for families and children.
At the European Summit in March 2007 the EU Heads of State and Government decided to establish a European Alliance for Families. The aim of this Alliance is to create impetus for more family-friendly policies through exchanges of ideas and experience in the various Member States and to foster EU-wide cooperation and fruitful learning from each other.
Methodological notes
Sources: Eurostat - EU Labour Force Survey, Demographic statistics.
Further reading
The demographic future of Europe from challenge to opportunity Commission Communication (COM (2006)
571). http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=502&langId=en
Promoting solidarity between the generations (COM (2007) 244), European Commission.
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=502&langId=en
Demography report 2007: Europe's demographic future: facts and figures, European Commission,
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=502&newsId=420&furtherNews=yes
Demography report 2008: Meeting Social Needs in an Ageing Society, European Commission,
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=502&newsId=419&furtherNews=yes
European Alliance for Families web portal,
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/emplweb/families/index.cfm
Average household size
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-272.52.52.52.52.52.52.52.42.42.4
EA-162.52.52.52.42.42.42.42.42.42.3
BE2.42.42.42.52.52.52.42.42.42.4
BG::2.82.82.72.62.62.52.52.4
CZ2.72.72.62.62.52.52.52.52.52.4
DK:::2.22.22.22.22.22.22.2
DE2.22.22.22.22.12.12.12.12.12.1
EE2.62.62.62.72.62.62.52.42.42.4
IE:::::::::2.8
EL2.72.72.62.62.62.62.52.52.52.5
ES3.13.03.03.02.92.92.92.82.82.8
FR2.42.42.42.42.32.32.32.32.32.3
IT2.72.62.62.62.62.62.52.52.52.4
CY3.03.03.03.03.03.03.02.92.92.9
LV::2.42.82.82.82.72.62.62.6
LT:::3.02.92.92.92.82.62.4
LU2.72.62.52.52.52.52.52.42.52.4
HU 2.72.62.62.62.62.62.62.62.6
MT 3.13.13.13.03.13.13.03.03.0
NL2.32.32.32.32.32.32.32.32.22.2
AT2.52.42.42.42.42.42.32.32.32.3
PL::3.13.13.13.03.03.02.92.9
PT2.92.92.92.92.82.82.82.82.82.7
RO3.02.93.02.92.83.02.92.92.92.9
SI2.72.62.62.62.62.72.72.72.6
SK3.13.23.23.13.13.13.13.02.92.9
FI::::2.22.22.22.22.22.2
SE::::::::::
UK2.42.42.32.32.32.32.32.32.32.3
HR:::2.82.82.72.72.72.72.6
MK:::::::3.83.73.9
TR:::::::3.83.83.7
`
IS::::::::::
-
4.ECONOMIC SITUATION
Economic growth in 2008 in the EU-27 decelerated to 0.9 % after the robust growth of 2.9 % in 2007. Most of the new Member States, EFTA countries and Candidate Countries outgrew the EU-15 Member States. In the euro area the government debt to GDP ratio increased from 66.0% at the end of 2007 to 69.3 % at the end of 2008, and in the EU-27 from 58.7 % to 61.5 %
Economic growth decreased sharply in 2008, negative growth forecasted for 2009
Re al GDP gr o w th rate , 2 008 (Gro wth ra te o f GD P v o lu me )
EU-27EA -16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRI TCYLVLTLUHUM T
0.90 .71.16.03 .0-1. 21.3-3 .6-2. 32.91 .20. 4- 1.03 .7- 4. 63.0-0.90. 62.1
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRM KTRI SLINOC H
2.02 .05.0 7 .13. 56.4e1 .0-0. 20.72. 45.0 f1.1f1.3:2. 11.8
Sou rce: Eu rostat - Na tion al Acc ounts . "e" den otes estima tion ; "f" d enote s a f ore cast b y the Commission se rv ice s.
In 2008, the European Union's (EU-27) gross domestic product rose by 0.9 % in volume, falling off from the robust growth rate observed in 2007 (+2.9 %). Different growth patterns can be identified when looking at the performance of individual Member States in 2008. A first group is composed of economies that registered negative or zero GDP growth: Latvia (-4.6 %), Estonia (-3.6 %), Ireland (-2.3 %), Denmark (-1.2 %), Italy (-1.0 %), Luxembourg (-0.9 %), Sweden (-0.2 %) and Portugal (0.0 %). A second group comprises Member States that attained growth rates around the EU-27 average: France (0.4 %), Hungary (0.6 %), the United Kingdom (0.7 %), Finland (1.0 %), Belgium (1.1 %), Spain (1.2 %) and Germany (1.3 %). A third group is formed by Member States that experienced considerably higher growth rates than the EU-27 average: Austria (2.0 %), the Netherlands (2.0 %), Malta (2.1 %), Greece (2.9 %), the Czech Republic (3.0 %), Lithuania (3.0 %), Slovenia (3.5 %), Cyprus (3.7 %), Poland (5.0 %), Bulgaria (6.0 %), Slovakia (estimated 6.4 %) and Romania (7.1 %).
Preliminary results for 2009 reflect markedly the consequences of the turmoil in world financial markets (autumn 2008) on the real economy. Both in the EU-27 and in the euro area (EA16) GDP fell by 5.2 % in the first quarter and by 5.6 % in the second quarter of 2009 (growth rates compared to the same quarter of the previous year). Particularly the small economies of the Baltic countries recorded the biggest drops in GDP in the second quarter of 2009 (GDP growth up to -20.2 % compared to the same quarter of the previous year). For the whole of the year 2009, GDP is projected by the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission to contract by 4.0 % for both the EU-27 and the euro area (EA16).
GDP per head varies widely between Member States, but the gap tends to decrease
GDP pe r cap ita
Ind ex EU-27=100, in PPSin Eu ro
199520072008199520072008
EU-27100100100147002490025100
EA-16114109108180002760028300
BE129118115214003150032400
BG32e3740120038004500
CZ73e808041001230014200
DK132120118266004150042300
DE129115116236002950030400
EE36e696820001160012000
IE103150139142004370041800
EL849595f95002040021600f
ES92105104116002340024000
FR116109107202002970030400
IT121102100151002600026300
CY89e9195109002000021400
LV31e58561500930010200
LT34e5961140084009600
LU223267253386007590075100
HU51636333001010010500
MT87e777573001330013800
NL124131135207003470036200
A T135124123f229003260033800f
PL43e5457280081009500
PT75767587001540015700
RO:42f46f:5700f6400f
SI74e899180001710018400
SK486772e28001020012000e
(41 800 euro), the lowest in Bulgaria (4 500 euro), Romania (6 400 euro), Poland (9 500 euro) and Lithuania (9 600 euro).
G D P p e r c a p i t a i n P P S ( I n d e x E U - 2 7 = 1 0 0 )
E U - 2 71 0 0
E A - 1 61 0 8
B E1 1 5
4 0
B G1 9 9 52 0 0 8
8 0
C Z
D K1 1 8
D E1 1 6
6 8E E
IE1 3 9
9 5
E L
E S1 0 4
F R1 0 7
IT1 0 0
9 5
C Y
5 6
L V
6 1
L T
L U2 5 3
6 3H U
7 5M T
N L1 3 5
A T1 2 3
5 7
P L
7 5
P T
4 6R O
9 1
S I
7 2S K
F I1 1 5
S E1 2 1
given relative to the EU-27 average. This figure for Luxembourg is a remarkable 153 % above the EU-27 average. The second highest figure is that of Ireland, still 39 % above the average. The Netherlands are around 35 % above the average. The biggest differences for figures below the EU-27 average are in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Latvia and Lithuania which have values between 40 % and 61 % of the average. However, their values in euro are only about 18 % to 41 % of the average. Obviously, lower price levels tend to partly compensate for the lower GDP per head. Compared to the situation in 1995, it can be seen that the positions at the extremes remain more or less unchanged, but almost all countries with relative values below 100 have moved a little closer to the EU-27 average. The most obvious changes were for Estonia, which passed from roughly one third of the average in 1995 to more than two thirds in 2007, and for Ireland, which recorded a figure for per capita GDP that was only slightly higher than the EU-27 average in 1995, while in 2007 it stood at 50 % above, placing Ireland second among all Member States. In 2008, however, the GDP per head in PPS declined both in Ireland and Estonia.
Turning to Candidate Countries, the GDP per head in PPS forecasted for Macedonia is about one fifth lower than the lowest value observed among Member States, at 32 % of the EU-27 value. Turkey's value of 45 % of the EU- 27 average is comparable with the lowest values recorded among current EU Member States. Croatia with 63 %
of the average has a significantly higher GDP per head. The GDP per head in PPS of the EFTA countries ranged from 119 % (Iceland) to 190 % (Norway) of the EU-27 average in 2007.
Inflation
Consumer prices recorded extraordinary inflation rates in 2008, with an annual average inflation rate of 3.3 % for the euro area and 3.7 % for the European Union. The monthly annual inflation rate reached its peak in June and July 2008, and has fallen continuously since then. In December 2008, the annual inflation rate fell to 2.2 % in the EU and to 1.6% in the euro area. This downward trend continued in 2009.
H a rm o n ise d I n d e x o f C o n su m e r P ri c e s (H IC P ): A n n u a l r a te o f c h a n g e i n D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 8 , i n %
0 .07 .01 4 .02 1 .0
EUEA
B EBG
C ZDK
D E2 .2
1 . 6
2 . 7
7 . 2
3 .3
2 . 4
-
1.1
EE7 .5
IE1 .3
EL2 .2
ES1 . 5
FR1. 2
IT2 . 4
C Y
L V1 . 8
10 . 4
L T8 . 5
HICP: Annual rates of change, EA, in%
18
12
6
-6
-12
Food including alcohol and tobacco Energy
All-items HICP
-18
2007m012007m072008m012008m072009m012009m07
For the EU overall, the situation is similar. Sharp increases and decreases in consumer prices for food and energy have been observed since autumn 2008. Whilst in 2008 the annual inflation rates were peaking, a negative annual rate for energy was observed for the EU (-10.4%) in July 2009.
HICP: Annual rates of change, EU, in %
Public finances
Public deficit and debt increase as percentage of GDP
General government debt and general government deficit
General government debt (% of GDP)General government deficit (-) / surplus
(+) (% of GDP)
200620072008200620072008
EU-2761.358.761.5-1.4-0.8-2.3
EA-1668.366.069.3-1.3-0.6-1.9
BE87.984.089.60.3-0.2-1.2
BG22.718.214.13.00.11.5
CZ29.628.929.8-2.6-0.6-1.5
DK31.326.833.35.24.53.6
DE67.665.165.9-1.5-0.2-0.1
EE4.33.54.82.92.7-3.0
IE24.925.043.23.00.2-7.1
EL95.994.897.6-2.8-3.6-5.0
ES39.636.239.52.02.2-3.8
FR63.763.868.1-2.3-2.7-3.4
IT106.5103.5105.8-3.3-1.5-2.7
CY64.659.449.1-1.23.40.9
LV10.79.019.5-0.5-0.4-4.0
LT18.017.015.6-0.4-1.0-3.2
LU6.76.914.71.43.62.6
HU65.665.873.0-9.2-4.9-3.4
MT63.762.164.1-2.6-2.2-4.7
NL47.445.658.20.60.31.0
AT62.059.462.5-1.6-0.5-0.4
PL47.744.947.1-3.9-1.9-3.9
PT64.763.566.4-3.9-2.6-2.6
In 2008, the government deficit of the euro area and the EU-27 increased compared to 2007.
In the euro area the government deficit to GDP ratio increased from 0.6 % in 2007 to 1.9 % in 2008, and in the EU-27 it increased from 0.8 % to 2.3 %. In 2008 the largest government deficits in percentage of GDP were recorded by Ireland (-7.1 %), the United Kingdom (-5.5 %), Romania (-5.4 %), Greece (-5.0 %), Malta (-4.7 %), Latvia (-4.0 %), Poland (-3.9 %), Spain (-3.8 %), France (-3.4 %), Hungary (-3.4 %), Lithuania (-3.2 %) and Estonia (-3.0 %).
Seven Member States registered a surplus in 2008: Finland (4.2 %), Denmark (3.6 %), Sweden (2.5 %), Luxembourg (2.6 %), Bulgaria (1.5 %), the Netherlands (1.0 %) and Cyprus (0.9 %).
In all, five Member States recorded an improved public balance relative to GDP in 2008 compared with 2007, while 21 Member States registered a worsening situation and one remained unchanged.
Regarding Candidate Countries, Croatia registered a deficit of 1.4 % of GDP in 2008 (an improvement on the 2.4 % deficit in 2007). Turkey recorded a deficit of 2.2 % in 2008, compared with a deficit of 1.0 % in 2007.
Public debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year. In the euro area the government debt to GDP ratio increased from 66.0 % at the end of 2007 to 69.3 % at the end of 2008, and in the EU-27 from 58.7 % to 61.5 %. The lowest ratios of government debt to GDP at the end of 2008 were recorded in Estonia (4.8 %), Romania (13.6 %), Bulgaria (14.1 %), Luxembourg (14.7 %) and Lithuania (15.6 %). Nine Member States had a government debt ratio higher than 60 % of GDP in 2008 - Italy (105.8 %), Greece (97.6 %), Belgium (89.6 %), Hungary (73.0 %), France (68.1 %), Portugal (66.4 %), Germany (65.9 %), Malta (64.1 %) and Austria (62.5 %). Croatia and Turkey have reduced their relative government debt levels during recent years, standing at 33.5 % and 39.5 % respectively at the end of 2008.
Wide spread in regional Gross Domestic Product is narrowing
Regions with the lowest/highest GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) (EU-27 = 100)
GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) in % of
Regionthe EU-27 average
20012006
Inner London (UK) 317336
Luxembourg (LU)234267
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (BE)251233
Hamburg (DE)202200
Groningen (NL)157174
Île de France (FR)180170
Oberbayern (DE)170168
Wien (AT)177166
Stockholm (SE)166166
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire (UK)163164
Southern and Eastern (IE)148163
Praha (CZ)145162
Darmstadt (DE)162158
Bremen (DE)156157
Utrecht (NL)170156
...
Warmisko-Mazurskie (PL)3640
Podlaskie (PL)3739
Centru (RO)2938
Nord-Vest (RO)2636
Podkarpackie (PL)3336
Regional GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per inhabitant (in purchasing power standards) in 2006 differed widely across the 271 NUTS 2 regions of the EU. In Inner London (United Kingdom) it was 336 % of EU-27 average, while in Nord-Est (Romania) it was only 25 % of the EU-27 average. However, many of the less prosperous regions have caught up significantly during the first half of this decade.
The table provides a more detailed overview of both the top and bottom of the ranking, with the GDP of the top 15 and bottom 15 regions. The 15 most prosperous regions are spread over 10 different countries, with a certain amount of concentration in Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The lower end of the range, on the other hand, is much more concentrated. The 15 weakest regions include five out of the six Bulgarian and six out of the eight Romanian regions; two regions in Poland are also among them. Compared to the situation five years ago, the spread has decreased from a factor of 16 : 1 to around 13.6 : 1, i.e. there has been considerable convergence.
Shares of resident population in economically stronger and
weaker regions
Percentage of population of EU-27 resident in regions with a per inhabitant GDP of
20012006
> 125% of EU-27=10023.320.4
> 75% to 125% of EU-27=10049.255.4
less than 75% of EU-27=10027.524.2
If we look at the share of the EU population living in economically stronger and weaker regions, this finding is
confirmed: The percentage of the EU population living in NUTS 2 regions with a GDP per inhabitant of less than 75 % of the EU average decreased between 2001 and 2006 from 27.5 % to 24.2 %. This means that in 2006 there were about 14 million fewer people living in areas below the structural funds assistance threshold than in 2001. At the same time the share of the population living in areas with a GDP between 75 % and 125 % of the EU-27 average increased from 49.2 % to 55.4 %, i.e. by almost 30 million people.
A third method of assessing regional convergence measures the dispersion of regional GDP at level NUTS 2. In order to calculate the dispersion indicator, the difference between the GDP per inhabitant of a given region and the national average of the corresponding Member State is weighted by the share of the population. The weighted differences of all regions are then added up, divided by the national average and expressed as a percentage of the national average. The dispersion can be calculated both for individual Member States and for the EU as a whole.
Dispersion of Regional GDP per inhabitant at level NUTS 2,
in %
20012006
EU-2731.828.9
BE25.425.5
BG20.331.0
CZ24.325.4
DK:15.7
DE17.917.3
EL21.826.8
ES20.318.4
FR20.520.4
IT24.323.4
HU33.037.6
NL10.911.7
AT18.416.1
PL18.219.5
RO24.727.5
SK27.330.1
FI17.515.5
SE14.815.3
UK21.322.4
Source: Eurostat (reg_e2gdp)
The table provides an overview of results for 2001 and 2006 for 19 Member States with at least three NUTS 2 regions. Ireland and Slovenia are not included, because they have only two NUTS 2 regions. The table shows that new Member States had the highest dispersion both in 2001 and in 2006; in addition, dispersion levels increased in all of them. Particularly strong increases are found in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. On the other hand, EU-15 countries tend to have lower dispersion levels, in particular the Netherlands and Scandinavia. Only a few EU-15 countries show increasing regional dispersion (mainly Greece, Portugal and the United Kingdom), while convergence can be observed in Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria and Finland.
The EU-27 figure is estimated by treating all 271 regions as if they were part of one country; this means that the EU-27 value is not calculated by aggregating national dispersion values. It appears that dispersion decreased at EU level too, from 31.8 % in 2001 to 28.9 % in 2006. To illustrate this result: The value of 28.9 % for 2006 means that during that year the GDP per inhabitant of all the regions of the EU deviated by an average of 28.9 % from the EU average of 23 600 PPS per inhabitant.
freedom" the free movement of knowledge, and stressed the importance of creativity and small and medium- sized enterprises in the further development of the European economy.
In December 2008, the Commission assessed the implementation in the first year of the CLP for 2008-2010 and identified the pending priority actions to be addressed. "Country chapters" and recommendations covering the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy Structural Reforms in the context of the European Economic Recovery Plan were adopted in January 2009. According to the Commission's latest interim economic forecasts (September 2009), signs for an economic recovery are apparent, but the sustainability of the recovery remains to be confirmed.
Under the 'preventive arm' of the Stability and Growth Pact, which has been in place since 1997, the EU Member States have to submit updated macroeconomic and budgetary projections each year. Such updates are called stability programmes in the case of countries that have adopted the euro and convergence programmes for the others. In the light of recent updates, the Commission presented reports under the excessive deficit procedure (EDP) for several countries and the Council decided on the existence of excessive deficits in April and July 2009. Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Malta, France, Latvia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, the UK and Hungary are currently the subject of EDPs.
In order to participate in the euro area (at present encompassing 16 Member States), Member States must achieve legal convergence and fulfil the convergence criteria on price stability, government budgetary position, exchange rates and interest rates. At least once every two years, or at the request of a Member State with a derogation, the Commission and the European Central Bank (ECB) must report to the Council on the progress made by the Member States in fulfilling their obligations regarding achievement of economic and monetary union. Among the Member States that do not participate in the euro area, Denmark and the United Kingdom negotiated opt-out clauses before the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty, and are not subject to regular convergence reports. The next regular Convergence Report on euro readiness (covering the following nine Member States with a
derogation: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Sweden) is due in spring 2010.
Each Candidate Country prepares and submits to the Commission a Pre-Accession Economic Programme (PEP) outlining the medium-term policy framework, including public finance objectives and structural reform priorities, needed for EU accession. A similar but slightly lighter procedure has been established since 2006 with potential candidate countries from the Western Balkans.
A pre-accession fiscal surveillance procedure has been established with the Candidate Countries aiming to prepare them for participation in the multilateral surveillance and economic policy coordination procedures currently in place in the EU as part of Economic and Monetary Union. For that purpose, the Candidate Countries annually submit a set of fiscal data, including general government debt and the general government balance.
area and assessing inflation convergence. As required by the Treaty, maintenance of price stability is the primary objective of the ECB, which defines price stability as `a year-on-year increase in the harmonised index of consumer prices for the euro area of below 2 %, to be maintained over the medium term'. A more stable measure of inflation is given by the 12-month average rate of change that is the average index for the latest 12 months compared with the average index for the previous 12 months. It is less sensitive to transient changes in prices but it requires a longer time series of indices. Depending on whether or not a country's revenue covers its expenditure, there will be a surplus or a deficit in its budget. If there is a shortfall in revenue, the government is obliged to borrow. Expressed as a percentage of GDP, a country's annual (deficit) and cumulative (debt) financing requirements are significant indicators of the burden that government borrowing places on the national economy. These are in fact two of the criteria used to assess the government finances of the Member States that are referred to in the Maastricht Treaty in connection with qualifying for the single currency. The government deficit and debt statistics are due to be notified to the European Commission by EU Member States under the excessive deficit procedure. The legal basis is the Treaty on European Union, Protocol on the Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), and Council Regulation 479/2009.
Further reading
· Driving the European recovery
http://ec.europa.eu/financial-crisis/index_en.htm
· European Economic Recovery Plan (November 2008) http://ec.europa.eu/growthandjobs/pdf/european-
dimension-200812-annual-progress-report/200812-annual-report_en.pdf
· European Commission; Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs: Economic forecast (Spring
2009) http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication15048_en.pdf
· European Commission; Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs: Interim forecast (September
2009)
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication15864_en.pdf
· European Economy No. 7/2009, " Economic crisis in Europe: causes, consequences and responses"
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication15887_en.pdf
· European Economy No. 8/2007, "The EU Economy, 2007 Review", DG Economic and Financial Affairs
· European Economy Occasional Papers, 31 June 2007, "2006 Pre-accession Economic Programmes of
candidate countries", DG Economic and Financial Affairs
· European Economy, No. 4/2005, "Integrated Guidelines 2005-2008 including a Commission Recommendation
Real GDP growth rate (Growth rate of GDP volume, annual and year-on-year quarterly growth rates)
19992000200120022003200420052006200720082009Q1 2009Q2
EU-273.03.92.01.21.32.52.03.22.90.9-5.1-5.5
EA-162.93.91.90.90.82.21.73.02.70.7-5.2-5.3
BE3.43.70.81.51.03.01.83.02.81.1-3.4-3.9
BG2.35.44.14.55.06.66.26.36.26.0-3.5-4.9
CZ1.33.62.51.93.64.56.36.86.13.0-4.4-5.8
DK2.63.50.70.50.42.32.43.31.6-1.2-4.1:
DE2.03.21.2 -0.21.20.83.22.51.3-6.4-7.1
EE-0.310.07.57.97.67.29.410.07.2-3.6-15.0-16.1
IE10.79.25.86.44.54.76.45.76.0-2.3-8.5:
EL3.44.54.23.45.64.92.94.54.02.90.3-0.4
ES4.75.13.62.73.13.33.63.93.71.2-3.7-4.5
FR3.33.91.91.01.12.51.92.22.30.4-3.1-3.1
IT1.53.71.80.5 1.50.72.01.6-1.0-6.4-6.2
CY4.85.04.02.11.94.23.94.14.43.70.9-1.1
LV3.36.98.06.57.28.710.612.210.0-4.6-18.0-18.7
LT-1.54.26.76.910.27.47.87.88.93.0-13.3-20.2
LU8.48.42.54.11.54.55.26.45.2-0.9-5.5:
HU4.25.24.14.44.34.73.94.01.20.6-6.7-7.5
MT::-1.62.6-0.30.44.13.83.72.1-1.9-3.3
NL4.73.91.90.10.32.22.03.43.62.0-4.5-5.1
AT3.33.70.51.60.82.52.53.53.52.0-4.7-4.6
PL4.54.31.21.43.95.33.66.26.65.01.11.1
PT3.83.92.00.8-0.81.50.91.41.9 -4.6:
RO-1.22.45.75.15.28.54.27.96.27.1-6.2-8.7
SI5.44.42.84.02.84.34.55.86.83.5-8.3-9.3
SK 1.43.44.84.75.26.58.510.46.4e-5.6-5.3
FI3.95.12.71.61.83.72.84.94.21.0-7.5-9.5
SE4.64.41.12.41.94.13.34.22.6-0.2-6.9-7.0
UK3.53.92.52.12.83.02.22.92.60.7-4.9:
HR-1.53.03.85.45.04.34.24.75.52.4-6.7:
Gross domestic product at current market prices, in Bn Euro
200620072008
EU-27116841236012512
EA-16855690019276
BE318335344
BG252934
CZ114127149
DK218227232
DE232524282496
EE131616
IE177191186
EL213228243
ES98210511095
FR180618951950
IT148515451572
CY151617
LV162123
LT242832
LU343637
HU90101106
MT556
NL540569596
AT256271282
PL272311362
PT155163166
RO98124137
SI313537
SK455565e
FI167180185
SE313331328
UK194520441816
Household consumption expenditure per head Net saving as % of GDP
(Index EU-27=100, in Euro)
2007200820072008
EU-27100100EU-277.26.0
EA-16109111EA-167.86.5
BE115120BE9.96.9
BG1821BG0.82.0
CZ4149CZ7.14.7
DK142144DK7.78.0
DE117119DE11.511.1
EE4547EE9.16.5
IE142141IE12.48.5
EL102107EL-2.2-2.7
ES9495ES5.33.4
FR118121FR6.55.0
IT107108IT4.32.0
CY93102CY::
LV4141LV4.58.5
LT3844LT3.03.3f
LU171178LU::
HU3839HU3.10.1f
MT5761MT::
NL113115NL13.810.3
AT121124AT10.911.1
PL3540PL7.17.4f
PT7072PT-4.1-6.8
RO2729RO::
SI6367SI12.711.7
SK4047SK5.75.8e
FI120125FI12.19.1
SE118115SE16.515.2
UK150132UK4.23.8
Gross compensation per employee
(Index EU-27=100, in Euro)
20072008
EU-27100100
EA-16108111
BE146150
BG1214
CZ4048
DK145151
DE106108
EE4044
IE143150
EL8287
ES8993
FR132135
IT105107
CY7173
LV3237
LT3035
LU165166
HU4244f
MT5354
NL120123
AT120124
PL3034f
PT61f63f
RO24f26f
SI6973
SK3439e
FI123129
SE135131
Inflation rates in %, measured by HICP
Annual inflation rate compared to the same month 12-month average annual
of the previous yearinflation rate
May 2009June 2009July 2009August
2009December 2008
EU-270.80.60.20.63.7
EA-16 -0.1-0.7-0.23.3
BE-0.2-1.0-1.7-0.74.5
BG3.02.61.01.312.0
CZ0.90.8-0.1 6.3
DK1.10.90.70.73.6
DE -0.7-0.12.8
EE0.3-0.5-0.4-0.710.6
IE-1.7-2.2-2.6-2.43.1
EL0.70.70.71.04.2
ES-0.9-1.0-1.4-0.84.1
FR-0.3-0.6-0.8-0.23.2
IT0.80.6-0.10.13.5
CY0.50.1-0.8-0.94.4
LV4.43.12.11.515.3
LT4.93.92.62.211.1
LU-0.9-1.0-1.5-0.24.1
HU3.83.74.95.06.0
MT3.42.80.81.04.7
NL1.51.4-0.1-0.12.2
AT0.1-0.3-0.40.13.2
PL4.24.24.54.34.2
PT-1.2-1.6-1.4-1.22.7
RO5.95.95.04.97.9
SI0.50.2-0.60.15.5
SK1.10.70.60.53.9
-
5.EDUCATION AND ITS OUTCOMES
In 2006, total public resources allocated to the funding of all levels of education represented on average 5.05 % of EU-27 GDP and it varied from 3.79 % of GDP in Slovakia to 7.98 % in Denmark.
Total public expenditure on education: 5.05 % of EU-27 GDP in 2006
Spending on Human Resources, 2005 and 2006 Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP
20052006
9
%g)
8e)
c)
7
a)
6h)f)
b)
d)
5
f)d)
g)
4
3
2
1
Note
s:
-
a)Expenditure exclude independent private institutions and the German-speaking Community.
-
b)Student loans from public sources not included; Expenditure at local level of government not included; Expenditure at post- secondary non-tertiary level of education not included; Imputed retirement expenditure not included.
-
c)Including financial aid to students studying abroad.
-
d)Public transfers to other private entities not included.
-
e)Expenditure for ancillary services not included.
-
f)Including child care expenditure.
-
g)R&D expenditure in tertiary education not included.
-
h)GDP adjusted to the financial year that is running from 1 April to 31 March.
Although investment in education is influenced by various factors (e.g. demographic aspects or levels of participation and length of study), the percentage of domestic income that governments devote to education tends to reflect the importance which they attach to it. In 2006, total public resources allocated to the funding of all levels of education -- including direct public expenditure for educational institutions and public transfers to private entities -- represented on average 5.05 % of EU-27 GDP. In the EU-27, each government's contribution to education varied greatly in 2006 from 3.79 % of GDP in Slovakia, 4.24 % in Bulgaria and 4.28 % in Spain to 6.85 % in Sweden, 7.02 % in Cyprus and 7.98 % in Denmark.
Continuous increase in participation in early childhood education
Par ti cip ation i n e ar ly ch ild ho o d e du catio n (b e tw e e n 4-ye ar s -o l ds an d s tar ti ng of co m pu ls o r y p r im ar y) (2000-2007)
En tr ance
age t o
p r im ar y ag e r an ge20002001200220032004200520062007
ed u cat io n
EU2785. 686.888.087. 888.088.489.790.7
BE64-599. 1100.0100.0100. 099.8100.099.999.7
BG74-673. 473.281.183. 983.282.580.579.8
CZ64-590. 092.093.793. 794.094.492.692.6
DK74-695. 793.793.594. 996.991.892.092.7
DE64-582. 687.788.486. 485.586.693.094.5
EE74-687. 088.386.993. 697.198.794.993.6
IE44-5n. an.a.n. a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n. a.
EL64-569. 369.369.270. 670.670.870.968.2
ES64-5100. 0100.0100.0100. 0100.099.898.598.1
FR64-5100. 0100.0100.0100. 0100.0100.0100.0100.0
IT64-5100. 0100.0100.0100. 0100.0100.0100.099.3
CY64-564. 770.468.368. 170.874.784.784.7
LV74-665. 467.270.285. 785.087.787.288.2
LT74-660. 661.264.168. 969.771.375.876.6
LU64-594. 795.397.783. 589.594.895.093.9
HU64-593. 992.593.394. 795.193.994.595.1
MT54100. 095.092.698. 797.594.495.598.8
NL5499. 598.199.173. 074.073.474.298.9
AT64-584. 686.087.088. 187.787.688.288.8
PL74-658. 358.558.459. 660.962.164.066.8
PT64-578. 981.583.785. 784.986.986.886.7
RO64-567. 668.572.373. 980.381.281.281.8
SI64-685. 286.086.886. 286.486.688.689.2
SK64-576. 176.475.477. 278.379.779.479.4
FI74-655. 262.065.065. 566.966.968.169.8
SE74-683. 685.786.689. 492.492.891.394.0
UK54100. 099.0100.095. 392.991.890.990.7
HR74-6n.a.n.a.n. a.54. 155.959.161.965.2
MK6-74-517. 417.317.720. 921.022.924.626.1
TR64-511. 611.913.014. 514.818.623.226.7
IS64-591. 893.393.594. 595.595.895.795.4
Gender patterns in tertiary education.
Participation in tertiary education
Number of the students aged 20 to 24 enrolled at ISCED levels 5-6 by sex as percentage of population aged 20 to 24 - 2007
EU-27BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMT
Total28.431.329.030.528.822.631.223.136.628.528.731.117.332.640.1:30.816.2
Females31.934.332.335.034.924.436.725.339.032.431.936.414.740.046.7:35.319.3
Males25.028.225.826.323.020.925.920.934.424.925.625.919.925.533.7:26.513.2
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
Total31.723.940.025.328.046.127.339.629.219.826.620.918.626.613.931.921.3
Females33.227.145.629.332.256.531.644.233.621.729.923.516.132.79.438.121.5
Males30.320.734.521.424.036.323.135.225.118.023.318.421.020.718.426.021.0
Source: Eurostat (UOE)
DE: Data exclude ISCED level 6
At least 30% of the population aged 20 to 24 in Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Finland and Norway is enrolled in tertiary education. On average roughly 29 out of 100 young people of this age group in the EU-27 are in education. In some countries the gender participation imbalance is very significant - the percentage of women attending an ISCED level 5 or 6 programme tends to be higher than the corresponding men's percentage. This is particularly the case in the Baltic countries, Slovenia, Poland, Italy and Norway. Only in Liechtenstein and Turkey is the proportion of tertiary students in the population aged 20-24 higher for men than for women.
Gender balance in tertiary education
Female students (ISCED 5-6) enrolled by f ields of study - as % of male and female students enrolled in these f ields of study - 2007
field of study
social science engineering
agriculture
educationhum anities science m atham atics m anufacturing
and artsbusiness and and and and health and
w elfareservices
lawcom putingconstructionveterinary
EU-2775.566.158.237.524.748.073.552.1
BE71.655.953.729.920.152.073.550.4
BG69.164.660.646.831.141.367.546.1
CZ76.165.862.032.924.757.575.041.6
DK70.862.350.735.433.354.280.321.8
DE69.966.448.835.018.246.973.448.6
EE91.573.965.837.626.152.389.652.1
IE77.063.456.142.617.145.679.046.7
EL61.769.355.437.225.945.366.548.8
ES78.160.358.833.828.146.574.556.2
FR74.568.561.135.924.138.270.742.0
IT85.672.157.450.328.845.665.548.5
CY85.674.145.435.218.69.162.147.8
LV84.279.068.130.321.049.587.353.7
LT78.072.869.032.024.149.383.643.5
LUn.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.
HU73.966.465.328.218.645.075.559.8
MT79.658.357.534.829.211.168.167.0
NL74.154.146.916.215.250.573.648.7
AT74.866.755.434.422.963.766.646.5
PL72.970.662.136.327.152.873.649.2
PT82.458.658.348.325.156.076.647.6
RO88.367.362.256.830.437.668.339.3
SI80.973.066.533.624.757.179.048.5
SK76.160.663.636.629.242.782.243.6
FI80.171.061.939.718.951.984.270.7
SE75.962.661.143.228.159.380.460.6
UK75.061.554.937.220.459.577.078.5
are very much a minority in science, mathematics and computing, and in engineering, manufacturing and construction.
Educational attainment levels of the population have improved significantly over the last thirty years, particularly among women. In 2007, 78 % of young people aged 20-24 in the EU-27 had at least an upper secondary education level. At the same time, however, 15 % of people aged 18-24 left the education system with only lower secondary education at best.
Youth education attainment level, 2008
Percentage of the population aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education
EU-27EA-16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMT
Total78.575.582.283.791.671.074.182.287.782.160.083.476.585.180.089.172.883.653.0
Females81.379.083.983.492.278.676.488.391.386.667.685.779.789.586.092.377.485.557.3
Males75.672.080.584.091.063.671.976.084.178.052.781.073.580.174.385.968.381.749.1
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
Total76.284.591.3 54.3 (p)78.390.292.386.2 87.9 (p)78.295.479.747.853.670.182.6
Females80.684.893.3 61.9 (p)78.693.693.687.6 89.7 (p)80.096.377.640.959.874.883.8
Males71.984.289.3 47.1 (p)77.987.491.084.6 86.2 (p)76.494.681.756.447.965.581.4
Notes: CH: 2007;
Source: Eurostat - European Union Labour Force Survey
By comparing those currently leaving the education system with older generations, it is possible to monitor trends in educational attainment over a long time period of around thirty years. In 2007, 80 % of the younger generation aged 25-29 had completed at least upper secondary education compared with only 62 % of people aged 55-59. This increase in the educational attainment level is particularly marked for women: 82 % of young women aged 25-29 years had completed at least upper secondary education, compared to 57 % in the generation of their mothers (women aged 55-59 years). For men, these proportions are respectively 78 % and 66 %. Today, the percentage of persons having at least an upper secondary education is higher among young women than among young men in all EU Member States.
Almost one in six Europeans leaves school with a low educational attainment level
Early school-leavers by sex, 2008 Percentage of the population aged 18-24 w ith at most low er secondary education and not in further education or training
60Wom enMenTotal
Although educational attainment levels continue to improve, 15 % of 18-24 year olds in the European Union are not in education or training even though they have not completed an education programme beyond lower secondary level. Malta, Portugal and Spain have the highest proportions (30 % or more) of low educated young people who are no longer being educated or trained. In nearly all Member States, women are less likely than men to be in this situation (13 % against 17 % at EU level).
Unemployment rate for persons aged 25-64 years, by level of education and gender, EU-27, 2009 quarter 1
Unem ploym ent rate for persons aged 25-64 years , by level of education and gender, EU-27, 2009 quarter 1
14
%13.012.6
12.2Unemployed persons as a % of the total active populationWom enTotalMen
12
10
87.5
7.1
6.8
6
4.44.2
4.0
4
2
Less than upper secondaryUpper secondary and post-secondary, notTertiary
tertiary
Higher education tends to reduce the risk of unemployment...
In general, higher levels of educational achievement reduce the likelihood of unemployment., albeit to differing degrees, in all Member States. In the EU-27, the unemployment rate of 25-64 year olds with tertiary education stood at 3.6 % in 2007 compared with 6.0 % for people who had completed at best upper secondary education and 9.2 % among those who had not gone beyond lower secondary schooling.
...and increase income...
The 200616 data for the EU-25 show also that a person's income is likely to be considerably higher if he/she is better
qualified. On average for the EU-25, the median equivalised net income of highly educated persons (i.e. completed tertiary education) for 25-64 year olds was 137 % of the national median whereas it was 81 % for those with a low level of education (i.e. at most lower secondary schooling) and 97 % for those with a medium level of education (i.e. upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education). The ratio of the incomes between the well-educated and low educated workers was largest in Portugal (2.56) and smallest in Sweden (1.18). The 2006 data also show that the at-risk-of-poverty rate among the highly educated was only 5 % compared with 20 % among those with a low level of education. For individuals with a medium level of education the at-risk-of-poverty rate was 11 %.
year later, it approved a detailed work programme ("Education & Training 2010") with these goals in mind and supported the ambition of the Ministers for Education to make education and training systems in Europe "a worldwide quality reference by 2010".
In the Communication on 'Mobilising the brainpower of Europe: enabling universities to make their full contribution to the Lisbon Strategy (COM(2005) 152) the Commission identified a funding gap in higher education between the EU and the US and called for more resources for higher education. It estimates that a total annual investment of some 2 % of GDP in higher education (compared to 1.3 % currently) is the minimum requirement. In its Communication on an updated strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (COM(2008)865), the Commission noted that progress had been made, with national reforms of lifelong learning and qualification systems, the modernisation of higher education and the development of European instruments promoting quality, transparency of qualifications and mobility in learning. However, such progress varies considerably between Member States and is insufficient in key areas, and most of the benchmarks that the Council set for 2010 will not be reached. While the maths, science and technology benchmark was reached in 2003, progress on early school leaving, upper-secondary attainment and adult participation in lifelong learning is insufficient to reach the targets and performance on low achievers' in reading literacy has even deteriorated.
While the EU's education and training performance is broadly comparable with the best in the world, comparisons with other OECD countries reveal significant areas where the EU lags behind, both at the level of basic schooling and in higher education.
A new "Strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET2020)" was adopted by the Council in May 2009. It defines four strategic objectives, concrete follow-up actions, and an adapted set of benchmarks to be achieved by 2020. Emphasis is put on lifelong learning and mobility, the quality and efficiency of education and training, the promotion of equity, social cohesion and active citizenship, and the enhancement of creativity and innovation including entrepreneurship at all levels of education and training.
Methodological notes
Sources: Eurostat -- European Union Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), UOE (UNESCO, OECD and Eurostat) questionnaires on education and training systems The levels of education are defined according to ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education -- UNESCO 1997 version). Less than upper secondary corresponds to ISCED 0-2, upper secondary to ISCED 3-4 (thus including post-secondary non-tertiary education) and tertiary education to ISCED 5-6. The structural indicator on early school leavers shows the percentage of the population aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and not in further education or training.
Further reading
· "Key data on education in Europe 2009", European Commission, Eurydice, Eurostat
http://www.eurydice.org/portal/page/portal/Eurydice/showPresentation?pubid=052EN
Education in Europe, Key statistics No. 10/2005
17 million tertiary students in the EU, No.19/2005
The narrowing education gap between women and men, No. 130/2007
Education in Europe, Key statistics, No.42/2008
1 in 10 of the population wanting to work took part in labour market training in 2006 No. 34/2009
Significant country differences in adult learning No. 44/2009
· Statistics in Focus on finance of education (Theme 3 - Population and social conditions), Eurostat:
Public expenditure on education in the EU-15 in 1999, No. 22/2003- Public expenditure on education in
the ACC countries in 1999, No. 23/2003
Spending on tertiary education in 2002, No.18/2005
· 5% of EU GDP is spent by governments on education - Issue number 117/2008 Report on Digital Literacy
published on 1 December 2008,
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/digital_literacy/digital_literacy_review.pdf
Youth education attainment level
Percentage of the population aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education, 1999-2008
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27 76.6 76.6 76.7 76.9 77.1 77.5 77.9 78.1 78.5
EA-16 73.6 73.2 73.4 73.5 74.0 74.2 74.5 74.9 75.5
BE76.2 (i) 81.7 (b) 81.7 81.6 81.2 81.8 81.8 82.4 82.6 82.2
BG 75.2 78.1 (b) 77.4 76.3 76.1 76.5 80.5 (i) 83.3 83.7
CZ91.8 91.2 90.6 92.2 92.1 91.4 91.2 91.8 91.8 91.6
DK73.2 72.0 78.4 (i) 78.6 76.2 (b) 76.2 77.1 77.4 70.8 (b) 71.0
DE74.6 74.7 73.6 73.3 72.5 72.8 71.5 (b) 71.6 72.5 74.1
EE83.0 79.0 (b) 79.8 81.4 81.5 80.3 82.6 82.0 80.9 82.2
IE82.0 82.6 83.9 84.0 85.1 85.3 85.8 85.7 86.7 87.7
EL78.6 79.2 80.2 81.1 81.7 83.0 84.1 81.0 82.1 82.1
ES65.2 (i) 66.0 65.0 63.7 62.2 61.2 61.8 61.6 61.1 60.0
FR80.0 81.6 81.8 81.7 81.5 (b) 81.8 83.4 83.3 82.5 83.4
IT66.3 69.4 (b) 67.9 69.6 71.0 73.4 73.6 75.5 76.3 76.5
CY80.8 79.0 80.5 83.5 79.5 77.6 80.4 83.7 85.8 85.1
LV74.676.5 71.7 (i) 77.1 (b) 75.4 79.5 79.9 81.0 80.2 80.0
LT81.3 78.9 (i) 80.5 81.3 (b) 84.2 85.0 87.8 88.2 89.0 89.1
LU71.277.5 68.0 69.8 72.7 (b) 72.5 71.1 69.3 70.9 72.8
HU85.2 83.5 84.7 85.9 84.7 (b) 83.5 83.4 82.9 84.0 83.6
MT 40.9 40.1 39.0 45.1 (b) 51.0 53.7 51.1 55.5 53.0
NL72.3 71.9 72.7 73.1 75.0 75.0 75.6 74.7 76.2 76.2
AT84.7 85.1 (b) 85.1 85.3 84.2 85.8 (i) 85.9 85.8 84.1 84.5
PL81.6 (i) 88.8 (b) 89.7 89.2 90.3 90.9 91.1 91.7 91.6 91.3
PT40.1 43.2 (p) 44.4 (p) 44.4 (p) 47.9 (p) 49.6 (p) 49.0 (p) 49.6 (p) 53.4 (p) 54.3 (p)
RO77.8 76.1 77.3 76.3 75.0 75.3 76.0 77.2 77.4 78.3
SI85.8 88.0 (b) 88.2 90.7 90.8 90.5 90.5 89.4 91.5 90.2
SK93.3 94.8 94.4 94.5 94.1 91.7 91.8 91.5 91.3 92.3
FI86.8 87.7 (b) 86.1 85.8 85.3 84.5 83.4 84.7 86.5 86.2
SE86.3 85.2 85.5 (b) 86.7 85.8 86.0 87.5 86.5 (p) 87.2 (p) 87.9 (p)
UK75.376.7 76.9 77.1 78.6 77.0 78.1 78.8 78.1 78.2
Young women education attainment level
Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education, 1999-2008
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27 79.3 79.2 79.3 79.4 80.0 80.2 80.8 80.8 81.3
EA-16 76.9 76.4 76.6 76.7 77.6 77.7 78.1 78.4 79.0
BE80.1 (i) 85.6 (b) 85.2 84.8 84.6 84.8 85.3 85.6 84.9 83.9
BG 77.0 79.0 (b) 79.5 77.3 77.5 77.1 81.1 (i) 83.6 83.4
CZ91.6 91.7 91.3 92.0 91.5 91.8 91.1 92.4 92.4 92.2
DK77.9 76.5 81.7 (i) 82.6 78.5 (b) 78.1 80.5 81.5 77.7 (b) 78.6
DE74.5 74.8 73.6 73.8 73.4 74.2 72.5 (b) 73.5 74.4 76.4
EE88.6 83.7 (b) 85.2 85.8 85.1 87.5 87.6 89.8 89.6 88.3
IE85.0 85.6 87.4 87.3 88.5 88.4 88.9 89.3 89.8 91.3
EL82.8 84.6 84.8 86.0 86.8 86.8 88.5 86.6 87.0 86.6
ES71.7 (i) 71.9 71.4 70.3 69.2 68.4 68.5 69.0 67.3 67.6
FR81.4 83.5 83.2 82.8 83.2 (b) 83.5 85.5 85.1 85.1 85.7
IT70.4 74.2 (b) 73.0 74.3 75.1 78.6 78.1 79.4 80.0 79.7
CY85.6 82.8 84.9 89.5 87.0 83.8 89.1 90.7 91.0 89.5
LV82.382.4 77.5 (i) 84.3 (b) 80.9 85.1 85.2 86.2 84.1 86.0
LT84.5 82.9 (i) 83.8 83.2 (b) 87.9 88.5 91.8 91.2 91.5 92.3
LU72.875.8 69.0 65.5 75.6 (b) 73.4 75.8 74.5 76.4 77.4
HU85.3 84.0 85.0 86.3 86.1 (b) 84.9 84.9 84.7 85.6 85.5
MT 40.2 38.7 42.2 48.8 (b) 52.4 57.0 53.2 59.6 57.3
NL76.3 75.7 76.8 77.4 78.0 78.9 79.9 79.6 80.5 80.6
AT82.9 84.9 (b) 85.3 84.6 83.4 86.5 (i) 87.3 86.7 85.4 84.8
PL84.3 (i) 91.7 (b) 91.8 91.9 92.8 93.1 93.3 93.8 93.4 93.3
PT46.7 51.8 (p) 53.0 (p) 52.9 (p) 55.5 (p) 58.7 (p) 57.5 (p) 58.6 (p) 60.8 (p) 61.9 (p)
RO79.1 77.0 77.5 77.7 75.7 76.1 76.8 77.8 77.7 78.6
SI87.1 90.8 (b) 90.3 93.3 94.0 94.1 93.2 91.4 94.3 93.6
SK93.4 94.8 95.1 95.4 94.5 92.0 92.6 91.7 92.1 93.6
FI88.8 90.0 (b) 89.4 89.0 87.6 87.0 85.7 87.0 88.0 87.6
SE87.5 87.6 86.8 (b) 88.3 87.2 87.2 88.7 88.6 (p) 89.0 (p) 89.7 (p)
UK75.977.5 78.4 77.6 78.9 78.0 78.9 80.2 79.0 80.0
HR 91.8 92.6 94.6 94.9 95.0 96.1 96.3
Young men education attainment level
Percentage of men aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education, 1999-2008
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27 73.8 74.0 74.0 74.4 74.4 74.8 75.0 75.5 75.6
EA-16 70.2 69.9 70.1 70.2 70.5 70.8 70.9 71.5 72.0
BE72.3 (i) 78.0 (b) 78.3 78.5 77.9 78.9 78.4 79.1 80.4 80.5
BG 73.4 77.2 (b) 75.2 75.4 74.9 75.9 80.0 (i) 83.0 84.0
CZ92.0 90.7 89.8 92.4 92.8 91.0 91.3 91.1 91.3 91.0
DK67.8 67.5 74.8 (i) 74.3 73.8 (b) 74.3 73.8 73.4 64.2 (b) 63.6
DE74.7 74.6 73.6 72.6 71.6 71.5 70.4 (b) 69.8 70.6 71.9
EE77.1 74.2 (b) 74.7 77.1 77.9 73.2 77.6 74.1 72.2 76.0
IE79.1 79.7 80.4 80.7 81.6 82.3 82.6 82.0 83.7 84.1
EL74.3 73.6 75.3 76.1 76.6 79.2 79.7 75.5 77.5 78.0
ES58.7 (i) 60.1 58.8 57.4 55.5 54.4 55.4 54.6 55.1 52.7
FR78.6 79.6 80.3 80.5 79.7 (b) 80.0 81.2 81.4 79.8 81.0
IT62.1 64.5 (b) 62.7 64.8 66.8 68.2 69.2 71.7 72.7 73.5
CY75.1 74.4 75.4 76.7 71.3 70.7 71.1 76.1 79.8 80.1
LV67.270.9 66.2 (i) 70.0 (b) 70.1 74.2 74.7 75.9 76.4 74.3
LT78.2 75.0 (i) 77.1 79.4 (b) 80.6 81.5 83.9 85.3 86.5 85.9
LU69.679.2 67.0 74.0 69.7 (b) 71.6 66.6 64.0 65.6 68.3
HU85.2 83.0 84.5 85.5 83.4 (b) 82.0 81.9 81.2 82.5 81.7
MT 41.6 41.4 36.1 41.3 (b) 49.8 50.5 49.3 51.8 49.1
NL68.4 68.2 68.7 68.8 72.0 71.2 71.4 69.9 71.9 71.9
AT86.6 85.3 (b) 84.9 86.1 85.1 85.1 (i) 84.6 84.9 82.7 84.2
PL78.8 (i) 85.8 (b) 87.7 86.5 87.9 88.7 88.9 89.6 89.7 89.3
PT33.6 34.6 (p) 35.9 (p) 36.1 (p) 40.4 (p) 40.8 (p) 40.8 (p) 40.8 (p) 46.3 (p) 47.1 (p)
RO76.3 75.2 77.1 74.8 74.3 74.6 75.2 76.6 77.1 77.9
SI84.5 85.4 (b) 86.3 88.3 87.7 87.1 88.0 87.7 89.0 87.4
SK93.3 94.8 93.8 93.5 93.7 91.3 91.0 91.2 90.5 91.0
FI84.8 85.4 (b) 82.8 82.6 83.0 81.9 81.0 82.3 84.8 84.6
SE85.1 82.8 84.2 (b) 85.2 84.3 84.8 86.4 84.5 (p) 85.4 (p) 86.2 (p)
UK74.875.9 75.5 76.6 78.4 75.9 77.3 77.3 77.2 76.4
HR 89.4 89.5 92.6 92.8 94.3 94.6 94.6
-
6.LIFELONG LEARNING
The EU Labour Force Survey (LFS) provides quarterly results on participation in education and training in the four weeks preceding the survey. Annual averages of LFS results show a slight increase in participation over the last five years in most Member States although still far from the target set by the Council (12.5 % by 2010).
There are different measures and sources of participation in education and training due to the heterogeneity of activities and providers and their distribution throughout the year.
The 2008 LFS results show that 9.5 % of the persons aged 25-64 participated in education and training activities in the EU. The participation rate was generally higher among women (10.4 % against 8.7 % for men). The Netherlands had the smallest difference among countries with high participation rates. Low gender gaps were recorded in some other Member States such as Bulgaria, Greece and Romania (with low participation) or the Czech Republic, Germany and Malta (with participation closer to average).
Lifelong learning, 2008
Percentage of the population aged 25-64 participating in education and training over the four weeks prior to the survey
EU-27EA-16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMT
Total9.58.46.81.47.830.27.99.87.12.910.47.36.38.56.84.98.53.16.2
Females10.48.77.21.57.935.57.812.68.13.111.37.66.68.99.06.19.53.56.2
Males8.78.06.41.37.725.08.06.66.02.89.56.96.18.14.33.77.62.76.1
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
Total17.013.24.75.3(p)1.513.93.323.132.4 (e)19.92.22.51.825.119.327.9
Females17.214.25.25.6(p)1.615.44.026.939.3(e)23.22.3(u)2.61.630.520.528.2
Males16.812.24.25(p)1.312.52.619.325.8(e)16.62.1(u)2.52.120.118.227.6
Source: Eurostat - European Union Labour Force Survey
Note: Sweden, Switzerland: 2007 data, HR: data lack reliabilty due to the small sample size
Continuing vocational training in enterprises
Im pact of public m easures on enterprises' Continuing Vocational Training plans, 2005
Enterprises declaring that public measures have an impact on their CVT plans as a % f or all training enterprises
EU-27EA-16BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMT
36:60322133182059385638722415222432
NLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKHRMKTRISLINOCH
5243255483021253745:::::5:
The CVTS collects information on the provision of Continuing Vocational Training (CVT) activities by enterprises and the factors influencing their intensity.
In the 2005 survey, nearly one in two training enterprises at European level claimed that public measures had an impact on their CVT plans. Such measures concern financial subsidies towards the cost of training the workforce as well as provision of recognised standards or frameworks of qualification or certification and a public advisory service to identify training needs. The influence of such public measures is highest in Cyprus and lowest in Norway.
Training enterprises: factors influencing the scope of enterprises' Continuing Vocational Training activities
Training ente rpris es : factors influencing the scope of ente rpris es' Continuing Vocational Training activitie s
Reasons given by training enterprises as a % of all training enterprises
Lim ited Focus on
tim e to CVT CVT Lack of
s uitable apprenticeMajor
provide activities activities
Other s hip or training Difficulty to
effort as sess
certain/m orw ere considered CVT
reas onstraineeship
realise d in
a previous ente rpris e'
e CVT pe rform ed too courses in rather than
s needs
activitiesas neededexpe nsivethe m ark eton CVT
activitie syear
EU-275242362222151413
EA-16::::::::
BE7039462826111417
BG655047283227913
CZ5765321039389
DK623836201921818
DE54404418361599
EE3340543053559
IE::::::::
EL7341483319281916
ES744539491117520
FR615235179202013
IT5736443027114113
CY654034241120128
LV5249513029151423
LT584874224631831
LU6136272128211112
HU40544322691011
MT775347312713914
NL104735 15
AT7144482422151015
PL285160143820276
PT373756331913621
RO70677545221224
SI365151234961215
SK18722312511814
FI65353241416222
Adult education survey
Reason for participation in non-formal education and training, 2007 (%)
Reasons for participation in non-form al education and training, 2007 (%)
To increas e
To do job possibilitieTo get To
know ledgincrease
To m eet
better and To be less s of getting To start To be know ledg
im prove likely to a job or ow n obliged to e/skills To obtain new
useful in e/skills on
certificatepeople or Other
carrier lose jobchanging a businessparticipate
prospectsjob/profes se veryday an
lifeinteresting just for fun
ionsubject
EU-1964.013.017.04.022.030.051.016.015.05.0
EA-16::::::::::
BE64.43.39.22.624.129.838.78.111.81.9
BG77.322.020.81.822.140.038.534.39.21.2
CZ54.613.316.84.57.433.746.220.810.40.5
DK::::::::::
DE68.020.015.63.825.014.345.911.610.55.4
EE80.215.15.81.624.917.621.18.82.45.5
IE::::::::::
EL74.816.025.57.918.152.476.748.620.64.3
ES68.412.728.44.811.850.866.625.011.85.0
FR::::::::::
IT47.62.510.92.613.820.943.913.513.33.9
CY53.62.18.71.616.938.264.313.314.74.4
LV74.727.717.84.433.758.643.837.824.31.8
LT77.531.317.53.426.242.350.641.411.83.2
LU::::::::::
HU67.838.333.37.551.452.056.035.213.21.3
MT::::::::::
NL66.46.612.84.235.940.242.423.719.210.1
AT67.110.516.24.623.757.157.410.720.95.1
PL67.16.67.21.55.27.27.67.20.52.8
PT69.916.031.86.612.281.680.547.423.76.2
RO::::::::::
SI54.41.01.70.313.121.212.52.31.82.5
SK63.126.623.14.666.130.234.619.28.81.8
FI69.114.316.13.735.341.162.113.530.09.4
SE61.88.06.51.536.441.859.38.920.85.5
UK55.02.818.19.357.744.882.033.99.786.1
HR76.917.216.94.831.135.244.715.08.21.4
MK::::::::::
Obstacles to participation in education and training, 2007 (%)
Respondent did not have Training w as Respondent did not have There w as no Respondent
too expensive Lack of Training
training w as not
the or respondent em ployer's conflicted w ith
the w ork tim e because offered at the confident w ith Health or ageOther
prerequisitescould not support
afford itscheduleof fam ily reachable the idea of
responsibilitiedistancegoing back to
MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale MaleFem ale
EU-21161529342314483029511922141515153024
EA-16::::::::::::::::::
BE11.28.116.718.920.11043.324.12748.413.912.45.14.623.320.514.37.4
BG181552601013282216373328851013125
CZ971622262052262052151713131153
DK::::::::::::::::::
DE23253848313440351946212810121113218
EE4245591084524304532369816204640
IE::::::::::::::::::
EL5931351195832365721181199122118
ES87151373412627529832562827
FR::::::::::::::::::
IT211825272011563338601518181518211312
CY6516177459305280101355910188
LV159544936254630354426231311715159
LT5.61.544.746.319.3146040.124.441.316.721.74.75.113.4138.916.7
LU::::::::::::::::::
HU141439453345515526473134231612131713
MT::::::::::::::::::
NL3521283212261216401611171124242422
AT873336241048332555192533572013
PL995864251742241738313120168101211
PT12122422192130242442323635672217
RO::::::::::::::::::
SI9639572718625030452634771219108
SK55583742282349332346283342101243
FI1211202423255335214028238613212122
SE66293721163727153321237716332613
UK202230383015523431552230193018165953
HR13165255231438234154302554149710
MK::::::::::::::::::
TR::::::::::::::::::
IS::::::::::::::::::
NO531421241939261735131491015241517
CH::::::::::::::::::
Various obstacles to participating in education and training were cited by the respondents to the survey. Almost 50 %
of the respondents did not participate because they did not want to. About 12 % did not participate but wanted to. The information on obstacles in this section is based on those who wanted to but did not participate in formal or non-formal education and training.
The most frequent reasons for not participating are family responsibilities (42 %), conflicting work schedule (39 %) and costs of participation (31 %). Reasons not frequently cited by respondents include "not confident of going back to school" and "did not have the prerequisites". Approximately 18 % of respondents stated lack of employer support as a reason for non-participation and 21 % selected 'no facilities at reachable distance'.
The table shows clear differences between males and females in some of the obstacles described. The EU average for 'work schedule' is 48 % for males and 30 % for females. In all countries far greater numbers of females indicate family responsibilities as the reason for not participating in education and training. The average for the 21 EU countries represented shows that 51 % of females were prevented from attending due to family responsibilities while only 29 % of males selected this reason as an obstacle to participation in education and training.
Providers of non-formal education and training activities, employers and non-
formal training institutes, 2007
70
s60
i t i e
c t i v
50
g a
i ni n40EU
of
t r a
30
g e
20
e nt a
r c
P e10
HUSILTESPL HRCYITATEEELFIEU NLSKPT BEDE LV CZSE UK BG
Non-formal training institutesEmployers
Th
e EU average is based on the 20 EU countries available
Employers are the leading providers of non-formal education and training activities with almost a 40 % share, according to the survey. They are followed by non-formal education and training institutions, which provide 17 % of the non-formal activities.
Non-formal education and training institutions are normally taken to mean institutions that offer systematic and intentional learning opportunities but normally do not provide formal educational diploma. Examples of such institutions are adult education institutes, vocational training institutes, community learning centres, employment services, educational institutions like the folk high schools in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and Switzerland but also private companies (language schools).
Other providers include commercial and non-commercial institutions where education and training is not the main activity as well as employers' organisations and chambers of commerce. Non-profit organisations, cultural and political associations and trade unions each provide less than 5 % each of total activities.
Employer-provided activities account for almost 70 % of all non-formal activities in Bulgaria while non-formal institutes provide about 15 % of activities. Employers are also the leading providers in the United Kingdom with 50 %. They provide 40-50 % of non-formal education and training activities in Germany, Latvia, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Non-formal education and training institutes are important providers in Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Spain, Estonia and Slovakia. In all these countries, they supply relatively more non-formal education and training activities than employers. In Hungary a large share of the activities are provided by non-formal education and training institutes and the share of employer-provided activities is very low compared with the other countries. In Slovakia, Austria, Cyprus, Spain and Estonia, the two providers are almost equally important in the provision of non-formal education and training activities.
The Education/Youth Council of 30 May 2002 adopted a resolution on education and lifelong learning (Official Journal C 163 of 9 July 2002), reaffirming the need for convergence of the Commission's Communication on lifelong learning with the work programme on follow-up of the objectives of education and training systems, in order to achieve a comprehensive and coherent strategy for education and training. On 30 November 2002 the Education Ministers of 31 European countries and the European Commission adopted the Copenhagen Declaration on enhanced cooperation in European vocational education and training.
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/copenhagen/index_en.html).
In its Communication on the success of the Lisbon strategy (COM(2003) 685) the Commission reconfirmed that education and training policies are central to the creation and transmission of knowledge and are a determining factor in each society's potential for innovation. Nevertheless the European Union as a whole is currently underperforming in the knowledge-driven economy in comparison to some of its main competitors. In particular, the level of take-up of lifelong learning by Europeans is low and the levels of failure at school and of social exclusion, which have a high individual, social and economic cost, remain too high. In addition to this there are no signs of any substantial increase in overall investment (be it public or private) in human resources. Swift action is therefore needed to make Europe "a worldwide quality reference by 2010".
Lifelong learning also features prominently in the European Employment Strategy, as reflected by the European Commission's 2007 Communication on the Integrated Guidelines for Growth and Jobs (2008-2010), particularly in guidelines 20: Improve matching of labour market needs and 24: Adapt education and training systems in response to new competence requirements.
Besides placing education and training at the centre of the Union's economic growth, the employment guidelines hint at the need to match workers' education and skill levels and actual job requirements through effective monitoring and anticipation of skills. In this context, following the recommendation by the March 2008 European Council "to present a comprehensive assessment of the future skills requirements in Europe up to 2020, taking account of the impact of technological change and ageing populations and to propose steps to anticipate future needs", the New Skills for New Jobs agenda was launched (December 2008). The new agenda aims at mapping current and future demand for jobs and the corresponding skills requirements, while recognising that the links between the two are complex: indeed, every job requires a different mix of knowledge, skills and abilities, acquired through different learning channels and activities.
In this connection, it should also be observed that lifelong learning is one of the pillars of the common principles of flexicurity endorsed by the Member States in 2007 in the context of the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs. Flexicurity is an integrated strategy aimed at balancing labour market flexibility and employment security through a mix of modern contractual arrangements (including appropriate employment protection legislation), effective active labour market policies, modern social security systems and, of course, comprehensive lifelong learning policies. Indeed, lifelong learning is crucial to the Commission's employment strategy, and it must go hand in hand with regular assessment of future skill needs, thus facilitating the implementation of flexicurity policies.
The third survey of continuing vocational training in enterprises (CVTS3) was carried out in 2005 in all 27 Member States and Norway.
Further reading
· "Key data on education in Europe 2009", European Commission, Eurydice, Eurostat
http://www.eurydice.org/portal/page/portal/Eurydice/showPresentation?pubid=052EN
· "Key data on higher education in Europe -- 2007 edition", 2007, DG Education and Culture, Eurostat and
Eurydice (Information network on education in Europe)
http://www.eurydice.org/ressources/eurydice/pdf/0_integral/088EN.pdf
· "Education at a glance 2009", 2009, OECD
· Statistics/Data in Focus on education (Theme 3 - Population and social conditions), Eurostat:
Education in Europe, Key statistics No.10/2005
17 million tertiary students in the EU, No.19/2005
Lifelong learning in Europe, No.8/2005
Education in Europe, Key statistics, No. 42/2008
Significant country differences in adult learning - Issue number 44/2009
· "Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality", (COM(2001) 678 final)
· The Employment in Europe Report (2008) chapter 5, Education and employment: different pathways across
occupations
· The Employment in Europe Report (2006): chapter 4, Human capital, technology and growth in the EU Member
States
· "Education and training 2010. The success of the Lisbon strategy hinges on urgent reforms" European
Commission
· 2006 Ministerial Riga Declaration on e-Inclusion
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/events/ict_riga_2006/doc/declaration_riga.pdf
· Report on Digital Literacy published on 1st December 2008
· CVTS3: Continuing Vocational Training - Reference year 2005. See:
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database - trng_cvts3
· CVTS2: Statistics in focus: Continuing vocational training in enterprises in the European Union and Norway, (Theme 3 - 3/2002) - Costs and funding of continuing vocational training in enterprises in Europe, (Theme 3 - 8/2002) - Providers and fields of training in enterprises in Europe, (Theme 3 - 10/2002) - Disparities in access to continuing vocational training in enterprises in Europe - (Theme 3 - 22/2002), - Working time spent on continuing vocational training in enterprises in Europe, (Theme 3 1/2003). European social statistics - Continuing vocational training survey (CVTS2) - Detailed Tables, 2002 edition.
Lifelong learning
Percentage of the population aged 25-64 participating in education and training over the four weeks prior to the survey, 1999- 2008
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27 7.1 (e)7.1 (e)7.2 8.5 (b)9.3 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.5
EA-16 5.3 (e)5.3 (e)5.4 6.5 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
BE6.96.2 (i)6.4 6.0 7.0 8.6 (b)8.3 7.5 7.2 6.8
BG 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4
CZ 5.6 5.1 (i)5.8 5.6 5.6 5.7 7.8
DK19.8 19.4 (b) 18.4 18.0 24.2 (b) 25.6 27.4 29.2 29.2 30.2
DE5.5 5.2 5.2 5.8 6.0 (i)7.4 (i)7.7 7.5 7.8 7.9
EE6.5 6.5 (b)5.4 5.4 6.7 6.4 5.9 6.5 7.0 9.8
IE 5.5 5.9 (b)6.1 7.4 7.3 7.6 7.1
EL1.3 1.0 1.2 1.1 2.6 (b)1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.9
ES5.0 4.1 (b)4.4 4.4 4.7 4.7 10.5 (b) 10.4 10.4 10.4
FR2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 7.1 (b)7.1 7.1 7.7 7.5 7.3
IT5.5 4.8 (b)4.5 4.4 4.5 6.3 (b)5.8 6.1 6.2 6.3
CY2.6 3.1 3.4 3.7 7.9 (b)9.3 5.9 (b)7.1 8.4 8.5
LV 7.3 7.8 8.4 7.9 6.9 7.1 6.8
LT3.9 2.8 3.5 3.0 (b)3.8 5.9 (b)6.0 4.9 5.3 4.9
LU5.3 4.8 5.3 7.7 6.5 (b)9.8 8.5 8.2 7.0 8.5
HU2.9 2.9 2.7 2.9 4.5 (b)4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.1
MT 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.3 (b)5.3 5.4 6.0 6.2
NL13.6 15.5 15.9 15.8 16.4 (b) 16.4 15.9 15.6 16.6 17.0
AT9.1 8.3 8.2 7.5 8.6 (b) 11.6 (i) 12.9 13.1 12.8 13.2
PL 4.3 4.2 4.4 5.0 (b)4.9 4.7 5.1 4.7
PT3.4 3.4 (p)3.3 (p)2.9 (p)3.2 (p)4.3 (p)4.1 (p)4.2 (p)4.4 (p)5.3 (p)
RO0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 (b)1.6 1.3 1.3 1.5
SI 7.3 8.4 13.3 (b) 16.2 15.3 15.0 14.8 13.9
SK 8.5 3.7 (b)4.3 4.6 4.1 3.9 3.3
FI17.6 17.5 (b) 17.2 17.3 22.4 (b) 22.8 22.5 23.1 23.4 23.1
SE25.8 21.6 17.5 (b) 18.4 31.8 (b) 32.1 33.4 (p) 32.0 (p) 32.4 (p)
UK19.2 20.5 (b) 20.9 21.3 27.2 (b) 29.0 27.6 26.7 20.0 (b) 19.9
HR 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.9 2.4 2.2
-
7.EMPLOYMENT
Employment growth in the EU-27 dropped to 1.0 % in 2008 from 1.8 % in 2007, reflecting the impact of the economic crisis on the labour market. Hungary, Ireland, Spain and Lithuania recorded a decrease in employment levels. As a consequence, the employment rate increased only slightly in 2008 by 0.3 percentage points, to reach 65.9 %. The share of part-time employment remained almost stable in 2008 and the share of temporary contracts decreased marginally. Big differences between Member States can still be seen regarding employment rates of women and older persons and the share of part-time work.
Slower employment growth in 2008
In 2008, some 226 million people were employed in the Union of 27 Member States, a rise of 2.3 million in one year reflecting a modest growth rate of almost one percent. The situation was not the same for all Member States. Most countries still showed positive growth in 2008, but employment started to decrease in Hungary (-1.2 %), Ireland (- 0.9 %), Spain (-0.5 %) and Lithuania (-0.5 %). Until 2007 the latter three had been experiencing quite high employment growth. In 2008, only Luxemburg, Poland and Bulgaria showed relatively high growth rates of 3 % or more.
Employment growth (%), (2006-2008)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
-1.0
-2.0
EUHU IEES LT EEIT RO PT FR LV UK DK CZ SE EL DE NL BEFIAT MT CY SK SI BG PL LU
200620072008
Sour
ce: Eurostat National Accounts
Gender gap in employment reduced in 2008 but still considerable
In 2008, the employment rate of men rose by only 0.3 percentage points compared to 0.8 percentage points for women. This narrows the gender gap in employment. However, at 59.1 % the female employment rate remains considerably lower than the male employment rate of 72.8 %. The gender gap in employment rates is still substantial in most Member States. This is particularly the case in Malta, Greece and Italy, where the employment rate for men remains more than 20 percentage points higher than that for women. In contrast, in Sweden and Finland the employment rate for men is less than five percentage points higher than that for women.
Employment rate by sex, 2008
100
90
80
70
%60
50
40
30
20
10
EUDKNLSE ATUKFICYDE EELVSIPTIECZFRLTES BGLUBE SKELPL ROITHU MT
FemalesM alesTo tal
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey
Employment among older persons increasing
In the EU, older people have a considerable lower employment rate than those aged 25-54. In 2008, less than 46 % of persons aged 55-64 were working compared to almost 80 % of 25-54 year olds. However, the employment rate of older persons has risen markedly in the last year. It is almost one percentage point higher than in 2007. This is the case both for men and for women. Employment rates for young people were also relatively low - less than 38 % of those aged 15-24 were working in 2008, reflecting the fact that many are still in full-time education.
Looking at more detailed age groups, clear differences in employment rates are visible. In 2008, the employment rate of people aged 40-44 years was the highest at 82.1% for the EU-27. Above the age of 50 this becomes considerably and progressively lower. The employment rate of people aged 55-59 stood at 59% and among those aged 60-64 it was 30.2%. Beyond the age of 65, the employment rate decreased even more sharply: less than 5 % of those aged 65 and over were in employment.
Employment rate by age group and sex, EU-27, 2008
100
FemalesMalesTotal
90
80
70
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
15-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465+
Females17.350.869.872.173.975.274.46849.822.13.1
Males20.759.481.788.589.889.587.883.268.738.97.1
Total19.155.275.880.481.982.481.175.55930.24.8
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey
As in 2007, only 12 Member States had an employment rate for older persons (aged 55-64 years) of more than 50%, the Stockholm target for 2010. With a strong increase of 3.5 percentage points in 2008, Bulgaria is fast approaching the target. However, nine Member States are more than ten percentage points short of the Stockholm target: Malta, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Italy, Belgium, France and Slovakia. The latter together with Austria and Luxembourg are showing substantial progress, with rates rising more than two percentage points in the last year. Malta had the lowest employment rate for older persons in 2008, below 30 %, and has not shown significant improvement in the last few years.
Part-time work stable but varying greatly between Member States
In 2008 about 18% of those in employment were working part-time in the EU-27. After rising by around two percentage points between 2002 and 2006, this share has been more or less stable in recent years. Part-time work is very common in the Netherlands where more than 47 % have such a job. With more than 20 % the share of part-time work is also relatively high in Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria and Belgium. Part-time work is uncommon in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic with shares lower than 5 %. Part-time work remains more common in the old Member States than in the newly acceded countries.
Women are far more likely to have a part-time job than men. In 2008, the share of part-time work for women was more than 31 % in the EU while for men it was less than 8 %. This gender difference is observed in virtually all Member States. In the Netherlands part-time work is very popular among women, since more than 75 % of them are employed in this way. In Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, Sweden and Belgium more than 40 % of the women have a part-time job.
Part-time workers as % of total employment, by sex, 2007
80
70
60
50
%40
30
20
10
EUB G SK HU CZEL LVLT EE CY P LSIRO M T P T ESFIITFR LUIEB E A T DK UK DE SE NL
Females MalesTotal
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey
In 2008, almost 4 % of the workers in the EU-27 had a part-time job because they could not find a full-time one. This share remained constant compared to 2007. The rate of involuntary part-time work for men was 2 % and for women 6 %. This problem affects in particular women in Germany, France, Italy and Sweden with shares of 9 % to 10 %.
Dispersion of employment rates
The dispersion of employment rates, one of the structural indicators, measures how different the employment levels are within a specific country or within the EU-27 considered as a whole. Low levels of dispersion mean homogeneity in regional employment levels, so, more cohesion in the labour market.
In 2008, the dispersion in the EU-27 was 11.3 %, 0.2 percentage points more than in 2007, breaking the decreasing trend of the last seven years. This could be related to the late-2008 crisis which hit some regions harder than others. Since the regional employment rates are yearly averages and there is always a time lag between economic contraction and employment deterioration, the effect of the crisis was not yet so obvious in 2008. It is thus expected that cohesion in labour markets will deteriorate even more in the coming years.
Dispersion of employment rates by Member-State at NUTS level 2, 2008
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
EU27DKNLSEPTELATCZRODEPLFIUKFRBGSKESBEHUIT
Note: Dispersion of employment rates is not applicable to Estonia, Ireland, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia since these Member-States have fewer than three NUTS level 2 regions.
In 2008 Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden showed the lowest dispersion of employment rates, meaning that employment is evenly distributed among NUTS 2 regions in these Member States. The opposite was the case in Hungary, which shows almost the same extent of disparity in employment levels as the EU-27, and especially in Italy, where the dispersion was even higher than in the EU-27 considered as a whole. This can be attributed to the fact that levels of employment in the northern regions of Italy are a lot higher than in the southern regions.
Policy context
The Treaty of Amsterdam was important in that it committed the European Union to a high level of employment as an explicit objective: "The objective of a high level of employment shall be taken into consideration in the formulation and implementation of Community policies and activities" (Art.127(2)).
The Treaty states furthermore that "the Community shall support and complement the activities of the Member States in ... equality between men and women with regard to labour market opportunities and treatment at work." (Art. 137).
Following the 1997 Luxembourg "Jobs Summit", and the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty, the European Employment Strategy (EES) was launched. Since then, the EES has played a central role in coordinating the EU policies designed to create more and better jobs. The Luxembourg Council meeting, followed by summits in Cardiff in 1998 and Cologne in 1999, paved the way for a comprehensive strategy tackling employment, growth and competitiveness issues in an IT-driven world, i.e. the Lisbon Strategy.
The Lisbon European Council in March 2000 concluded that "the employment rate is too low and is characterised by insufficient participation in the labour market by women and older workers." Consequently a strategic goal was set for the European Union over the next decade "to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion. (...) the overall aim should be to raise the employment rate to as close as possible to 70 % by 2010 and to increase the number of women in employment to more than 60 % by 2010." The Stockholm European Council in March 2001 agreed intermediate targets for employment rates (67 % overall and 57 % for women by 2005) and a target for employment participation of older workers by 2010 (50 %).
In the face of economic slowdown, the Commission was invited to establish a European Employment Taskforce. Under the chairmanship of Wim Kok, the Taskforce reported to the Commission on practical reforms that could have the most direct and immediate impact on the Employment Strategy. The Report identified four key conditions for
success: increasing adaptability of workers and enterprises; attracting more people to the labour market; investing more and more effectively in human capital; and ensuring effective implementation of reforms through better governance. The Brussels European Council of December 2003 invited the Commission and Council to consider the Taskforce's Report when drawing up 2004 Joint Employment Report.
Following the mid-term review, the Commission presented in February 2005 a Communication on growth and jobs which proposed a new start for the Lisbon Strategy, refocusing efforts on two goals: delivering stronger, lasting growth
and more and better jobs. This included a complete revision of the EES governance approach so as to maximise the synergies and efficiency between national measures and Community action.
The Employment Guidelines adopted for the period 2008 2010, (which present common priorities applicable to the Member States' national employment policies and from 2005 have been a part of Integrated Guidelines for economic policy) focus on growth and jobs. The overarching guideline specifies that Member States should implement policies aiming at achieving full employment, quality and productivity at work and social cohesion and inclusion (Guideline No 17).
Besides these overarching objectives, specific guidelines aim to attract and retain more people in employment, increase labour supply and modernise social protection systems. In particular, Member States should promote a lifecycle approach to work (Guideline No 18) through: a renewed endeavour to build employment pathways for young people and to reduce youth unemployment; resolute action to increase female participation and reduce gender gaps in employment, unemployment and pay; better reconciliation of work and private life and provision of accessible and affordable childcare facilities and care for other dependants; support for active ageing, including appropriate working conditions, improved (occupational) health status and adequate incentives to work and discouragement of early retirement; modern social protection systems.
Furthermore, Member States should improve matching of labour market needs (Guideline No 20) and improve adaptability of workers and enterprises, through promoting flexibility combined with employment security and reducing labour market segmentation (Guideline No 21) and ensuring employment-friendly labour cost developments and wage-setting mechanisms (Guideline No 22).
The Spring European Council on 22 and 23 March 2005 adopted the European Youth Pact (7619/1/05, conclusion 37 and Annex I). One element of this Pact is the sustained integration of young people into the labour market. The European Youth pact is discussed in the Commission Communication of 30 May 2005 "Addressing the concerns of young people in Europe implementing the European Youth Pact and promoting active citizenship" (COM (2005) 206 final).
At the start of the 21st century the European labour market and social model need reform to adapt to globalisation, changing demography and fast technological progress. Flexicurity has become a means to reinforce the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy, create more and better jobs, modernise labour markets, and promote good work through new forms of flexibility and security to increase adaptability, employment and social cohesion.
As a response to the economic downturn during the second half of 2008 the Commission presented, in November 2008, a plan to drive Europe's recovery out of this crisis. The plan includes short-term measures to boost demand, save jobs and help restore confidence as well as "smart investment" to yield higher growth and sustainable prosperity
in the longer term.
In December 2008 the Commission adopted a package to help implement the European economic recovery plan and to reinforce the Lisbon Strategy. The package includes several communications, such as 'New Skills for New Jobs' (COM (2008) 868/3), which is a first assessment of skill and job requirements in the EU up to 2020.
The Commission Communication "Driving European recovery" (COM (2009) 114 final) outlined a number of elements to help Member States design and implement appropriate and effective employment policies. On this basis, the Spring European Council and the three employment workshops held in Madrid, Stockholm and Prague in April 2009 helped to define three key priorities that were spelled out in the Commission Communication entitled "A Shared Commitment for Employment" (COM (2009) 257 final): (i) maintaining employment, creating jobs and promoting mobility; (ii) upgrading skills and matching labour market needs; (iii) increasing access to employment.
Further reading
· "Employment in Europe 2008", European Commission, Employment and Social Affairs DG
· Data in focus (Population and social conditions), n° 40/2008 "Labour market latest trends 2nd quarter 2008
data", Eurostat
· Data in Focus (Population and social conditions) Theme 3, n° 27/2008 "European Union Labour Force Survey
Annual Results 2007", Eurostat
· Employment and Unemployment, Policy Review Series n° 5, 2007
· Economic Policy Committee "Key structural challenges in the acceding countries: the integration of the acceding
countries into the Community's economic policy coordination processes", European Commission, Economic and Financial Affairs DG, July 2003
· "Employment precarity, unemployment and social exclusion" and "Inclusion through participation", European
Commission DG Research reports 2000
· "Increasing labour force participation and promoting active ageing" Joint report from the Commission and the
Council to the Barcelona Council, 2002
· "Improving quality in work: a review of recent progress", (COM (2003) 728)
· Statistics in Focus (Population and social conditions), n° 99/2008 "Employment gendergap in the EU is narrowing",
Eurostat
· COM(2008) 868 Commission staff working document "New Skills for New Jobs - Anticipating and matching labour
market and skills needs", December 2008. COM(2009) 114 final Communication for the Spring European Council "Driving European recovery"
· COM(2009) 257 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the
European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions "A Shared Commitment for Employment"
Em plo ym en t rate , time series
(Employed persons aged 15-64 as a perc entage of the population of the same age group)
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27:62.162.562.462.762.863.664.565.465.9
EA-16:61.262.062.362.662.763.764.765.666.1
BE58.960.959.759.759.360.561.161.062.062.4
BG51.550.751.153.155.155.858.661.764.0
CZ65.664.965.065.564.964.164.865.366.166.6
DK76.576.475.976.475.176.075.977.477.178.1
DE64.865.365.765.464.964.366.067.569.470.7
EE61.860.360.861.762.362.964.468.169.469.8
IE62.564.565.265.165.165.567.668.669.167.6
EL56.056.656.557.758.959.660.161.061.461.9
ES53.756.157.758.659.760.963.364.865.664.3
FR60.461.762.762.964.063.463.963.864.665.2
IT52.553.454.555.456.157.757.658.458.758.7
CY63.765.467.968.569.269.468.569.671.070.9
LV58.857.458.960.561.762.263.366.368.368.6
LT62.659.658.160.662.861.462.663.664.964.3
LU61.662.763.063.662.262.563.663.664.263.4
HU55.455.956.156.257.056.656.957.357.356.7
MT:54.554.755.054.653.453.953.654.655.2
NL70.972.974.174.573.873.173.274.376.077.2
AT68.267.967.868.168.266.568.670.271.472.1
PL57.555.153.751.751.451.452.854.557.059.2
PT67.468.268.969.268.268.067.567.967.868.2
RO65.064.263.358.658.758.757.658.858.859.0
SI62.562.763.664.362.565.666.066.667.868.6
SK58.056.356.756.557.956.757.759.460.762.3
Em plo ym en t rate of w om en, time series
(Employed w omen aged 15-64 as a percentage of the w omen population of the same age group)
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27:53.654.354.555.055.456.357.358.359.1
EA-16:51.252.252.953.854.355.656.757.958.8
BE50.251.950.751.151.453.053.854.055.356.2
BG47.247.948.249.551.651.754.657.659.5
CZ57.456.856.957.156.656.156.356.857.357.6
DK71.672.171.472.670.572.071.973.473.274.3
DE57.157.858.758.858.958.560.662.264.065.4
EE58.157.256.957.658.360.362.165.365.966.3
IE51.253.254.055.255.355.858.359.360.660.2
EL41.141.841.743.144.545.546.147.447.948.7
ES38.241.242.844.346.147.951.253.254.754.9
FR53.554.855.756.458.457.758.558.860.060.7
IT38.139.340.941.942.845.245.346.346.647.2
CY50.453.057.159.060.259.758.460.362.462.9
LV53.753.356.157.657.857.459.362.464.465.4
LT59.958.256.957.260.057.859.461.062.261.8
LU48.550.050.851.550.951.953.754.656.155.1
HU48.849.449.649.850.950.551.051.150.950.6
MT:33.432.734.333.431.633.733.435.737.4
NL61.363.465.365.966.065.766.467.769.671.1
AT59.759.759.861.061.160.162.063.564.465.8
PL51.649.348.346.746.446.146.848.250.652.4
PT59.560.561.261.761.561.761.762.061.962.5
RO59.759.058.252.852.853.551.553.052.852.5
SI58.158.558.659.857.761.361.361.862.664.2
SK52.151.151.851.252.350.650.951.953.054.6
Em plo ym en t rate of m e n, time s eries
(Employed w omen aged 15-64 as a percentage of the w omen population of the same age group)
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27:70.770.870.470.470.270.871.772.572.8
EA-16:71.271.771.671.471.271.872.673.373.3
BE67.569.868.568.167.167.968.367.968.768.6
BG56.153.654.156.758.760.062.866.068.5
CZ74.073.173.173.973.272.173.373.774.875.4
DK81.280.780.280.279.779.979.881.281.081.9
DE72.472.772.671.870.970.071.372.874.775.9
EE65.963.765.166.266.865.867.071.073.273.6
IE73.675.776.275.074.775.276.977.777.474.9
EL71.371.771.672.573.574.074.274.674.975.0
ES69.271.072.572.773.273.675.276.176.273.5
FR67.568.869.869.669.769.269.369.069.369.8
IT67.167.668.168.969.570.369.970.570.770.3
CY78.078.679.478.878.879.979.279.480.079.2
LV64.461.961.963.665.967.467.670.472.572.1
LT65.561.159.564.365.865.266.166.367.967.1
LU74.475.074.975.573.372.873.372.672.371.5
HU62.462.762.962.963.563.163.163.864.063.0
MT:75.376.675.675.675.073.873.372.972.5
NL80.382.182.782.981.480.279.980.982.283.2
AT76.776.275.975.375.473.075.476.978.478.5
PL63.661.259.257.056.456.858.960.963.666.3
PT75.576.276.976.875.074.473.473.973.874.0
RO70.469.568.664.564.764.163.764.664.865.7
SI66.866.768.568.767.269.970.471.172.772.7
SK64.061.661.861.963.562.964.667.068.470.0
Self-e mp loye d , p art-tim e w o rk e rs and te m p or ary con tr act w o rk e rs as % of total e m plo ym e nt, by s e x, time series
Se lf-e m p loye d in % o f total em p loym entPart -tim e w ork er s in % o f total e m ploym e ntTe m p or ary con tr act w o rk e rs in % of total
e m ploye es
T otalFe m a lesMale sT otal Fe m ale s M ale s T otal Fe m ale s M ale s
2 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 82 0 0 62 0 0 72 0 0 8
EU-2 7 16.0 1 5.8 15.712.212.111.919.018.918.8 18 .1 18.218.231.231.231.17.77.77 .9 14.414.514.015.015.214.913.9 13. 8 13.3
EA-16 15.1 1 5.0 14.811.311.211.018.017.917.8 19 .2 19.419.534.534.634.57.37.47 .5 16.516.516.217.517.517.315.7 15. 7 15.2
BE16.2 1 6.1 16.012.712.512.118.918.919.1 22 .2 22.122.641.140.640.97.47.57 .98.78.68.310.910.810.26.96. 86.6
BG27.2 2 6.6 26.320.820.120.832.832.231.12 .01.72.32.52.12.71.51.32 .06.25.25.06.15.54.46.35. 05.6
CZ18.2 1 8.1 18.112.311.811.922.822.922.85 .05.04.98.78.58.52.22.32 .28.78.68.010.110.29.87.57. 36.5
DK6.16.26.23.93.63.58.18.58.7 23 .6 24.124.635.436.236.513.313.5 14 .28.98.78.410.010.09.18.07. 67.6
DE11.2 1 1.2 11.18.58.68.313.513.413.4 25 .8 26.025.945.645.845.49.39.49 .4 14.514.614.714.114.514.614.7 14. 7 14.7
EE8.19.17.84.85.55.011.412.710.77 .88.27.211.312.110.44.34.34 .12.72.12.4:::3.32. 73.4
IE16.4 1 7.2 17.56.77.27.623.524.725.2: 18.018.6:32.332.4:7.27 .83.47.38.53.98.69.82.96. 07.2
EL34.9 3 4.7 34.430.630.230.137.637.637.15 .75.65.610.210.19.92.92.72 .8 10.710.911.513.013.113.79.19. 39.9
ES14.1 1 3.8 13.810.910.610.416.316.116.3 12 .0 11.812.023.222.822.74.34.14 .2 34.031.729.336.733.131.432.0 30. 6 27.6
FR8.98.98.96.16.06.211.411.411.3 17 .2 17.216.930.230.229.45.85.75 .8 14.114.414.214.815.415.413.4 13. 3 13.0
IT24.4 2 4.1 23.618.918.517.928.027.827.4 13 .3 13.614.326.526.927.94.75.05 .3 13.113.213.315.815.915.611.2 11. 2 11.6
CY20.6 1 9.7 19.714.212.812.725.625.325.37 .77.37.812.110.911.44.34.44 .8 13.113.213.919.019.219.97.97. 68.2
LV11.7 1 0.8 10.29.98.57.413.413.112.86 .56.46.38.38.08.14.74.94 .57.14.23.35.42.92.08.85. 54.7
LT15.8 1 3.7 11.513.911.08.817.716.314.29 .98.66.712.010.28.67.97.04 .94.53.52.42.72.31.96.44. 92.9
LU6.26.05.95.15.05.87.16.85.9 17 .1 17.818.036.237.238.32.62.62 .76.16.86.26.67.66.65.76. 25.9
HU12.7 1 2.4 12.39.19.28.715.815.115.44 .04.14.65.65.86.22.62.83 .36.77.37.96.06.87.07.47. 78.7
MT11.8 1 1.9 11.95.06.15.614.814.615.1 10 .0 10.911.521.524.625.54.94.44 .53.75.14.35.87.75.82.73. 73.4
NL14.1 1 4.0 13.810.910.710.516.716.716.5 46 .2 46.847.374.775.075.323.023.6 23 .9 16.618.118.218.019.720.015.4 16. 6 16.6
AT16.7 1 6.4 16.114.014.013.418.918.318.3 21 .8 22.623.340.241.241.56.57.28 .19.08.99.08.99.09.19.18. 88.9
PL24.5 2 3.5 23.321.921.020.726.725.625.39 .89.28.513.012.511.77.16.65 .9 27.328.227.026.027.927.728.5 28. 4 26.3
PT18.6 1 8.8 18.517.517.417.219.620.119.5 11 .3 12.111.915.816.917.27.48.07 .4 20.622.422.821.723.024.119.5 21. 8 21.7
RO31.3 3 1.2 31.230.430.931.032.031.531.49 .79.79.99.810.410.89.59.29 .11.81.61.31.61.51.22.01. 71.3
SI17.4 1 7.3 17.014.314.413.620.019.619.89 .29.39.011.611.311.47.27.77 .1 17.318.517.419.320.819.715.5 16. 5 15.3
SK12.9 1 3.2 13.87.57.57.817.217.618.42 .82.62.74.74.54.21.31.11 .45.15.14.75.25.34.85.04. 94.6
FI11.8 1 1.7 12.07.87.78.015.615.515.7 14 .0 14.113.319.219.318.29.39.38 .9 16.415.915.020.019.418.712.6 12. 4 11.2
SE5.75.65.33.13.13.08.17.97.3 25 .1 25.026.640.240.041.411.811.8 13 .3 17.317.516.119.119.918.715.4 15. 0 13.4
UK13.1 1 3.2 13.28.18.28.117.417.517.6 25 .3 25.225.342.542.241.810.610.8 11 .35.85.95.46.56.46.05.25. 34.9
HR20.2 4 5.3 45.318.742.442.621.547.647.49 .48.68.911.711.311.57.56.46 .7 12.912.612.112.613.212.313.1 12. 2 11.9
MK:::::::::::::::::: 11.912.6:10.110.5:13.2 14. 1:
TR:::::::::7 .98.89.617.819.720.84.44.95 .6 13.312.611.813.112.412.513.3 12. 6 11.6
Em plo ym en t rate of older w orke rs , time series
(Employed pers ons aged 55-64 as a perc entage of the population of the same age group)
1999200020012002200320042005200620072008
EU-27:36.837.538.239.940.542.343.544.745.6
EA-16:33.934.435.837.338.140.441.743.244.3
BE24.725.025.225.828.130.131.832.034.434.5
BG:22.124.027.730.733.334.739.642.646.0
CZ37.636.136.940.342.342.544.545.246.047.6
DK54.254.656.557.360.761.859.560.758.657.0
DE37.837.437.738.439.441.445.448.451.553.8
EE48.143.348.751.352.851.556.158.560.062.4
IE43.745.146.648.049.249.551.653.153.853.6
EL38.739.438.238.941.039.441.642.342.442.8
ES34.936.839.139.740.841.043.144.144.645.6
FR28.429.430.733.836.137.338.738.138.338.3
IT27.527.326.928.630.030.231.432.533.834.4
CY47.349.549.149.250.251.350.653.655.954.8
LV36.635.436.442.641.845.949.553.357.759.4
LT41.641.238.543.047.046.149.249.653.453.1
LU26.327.224.827.930.330.431.733.232.034.1
HU19.121.923.125.028.930.433.033.633.131.4
MT:28.628.130.232.231.230.829.828.529.1
NL35.337.939.342.044.544.646.147.750.953.0
AT29.229.227.428.029.127.431.835.538.641.0
PL32.529.028.626.627.126.127.228.129.731.6
PT50.751.350.751.951.750.150.550.150.950.8
RO52.952.050.538.539.437.039.441.741.443.1
SI23.422.323.425.922.730.130.732.633.532.8
SK22.221.522.422.124.626.030.333.135.639.2
| publicatiedatum | 09-02-2010 |
|---|---|
| kenmerk | 5787/1/10 REV 1 ADD 1 |
